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Health

New US Covid circumstances daily won’t ever go to zero

The US will “never have zero” new daily Covid cases, said Dr. Scott Gottlieb told CNBC on Monday.

“We will always have some prevalence,” the former FDA chief said, predicting that infections will become endemic, which means they will remain present in the American population. Seasonal flu, for example, is an endemic respiratory disease.

Gottlieb’s comments come as concerns grow over the variant of Covid Delta, which was first discovered in India and is now devastating public health strategies in the UK.

On Squawk Box, Gottlieb said that while the spread of the Delta variant in the US will continue to grow, the response to new cases there may not follow the blueprint used in other parts of the world. He gave Israel as an example. This country, which has gained recognition for the success of its vaccine introduction, recently reintroduced its mandate for inner masks, less than two weeks after it was first lifted.

“Israel is a poor proxy for what you are doing about our situation here because Israel really wants a situation where they want zero Covid,” said Gottlieb, who sits on the board of directors at Covid vaccine maker Pfizer. “We’re not going to try to reduce this to zero cases a day” in the US

“Israel is trying to reduce the number of cases to zero per day, so they are taking different measures than we are,” he added. “Hong Kong is trying to keep it out completely; that’s why they forbid travel.”

Despite predicting the US will have “persistent infection,” Gottlieb said the nature of the cases will vary significantly in both scale and geography from earlier stages of the pandemic, which is defined as an epidemic gone global.

“I don’t think we’re going to have a situation like last winter where there are 200,000 cases a day. I think we’re talking about maybe tens of thousands of cases a day here in the United States.” how it’s starting to catch on across the country, “said Gottlieb, who headed the Food and Drug Administration in the Trump administration from 2017 to 2019.

According to data from Johns Hopkins University, the highest single day of infection in the US was on January 2 at 300,462. The most Covid deaths in the United States in one day were 4,475 on Jan. 12.

Unlike earlier this year, the most significant outbreaks are now likely to be “highly regionalized,” he added, and depend heavily on the percentage of the local population vaccinated, much of the prevalence and other parts of the country that are more vulnerable. “

According to a CNBC analysis of Johns Hopkins data, the US is seeing an average of just under 12,000 new coronavirus cases per day over the past seven days. This number is stable compared to a week ago. The seven-day average of new daily Covid deaths reported in the US is 306 – that’s 9% more than a week ago.

Around 46% of the US population are fully vaccinated against Covid, while 54% have received at least one dose, data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention shows. Crucially, roughly 78% of Americans age 65 and over are fully vaccinated, and nearly 88% have received at least one dose.

Gottlieb said that even if the US witnesses the spread of the new coronavirus, “it will have far less impact than a year ago as more of the vulnerable people who will now be more susceptible to this infection will be protected by vaccinations.”

Disclosure: Scott Gottlieb is a CNBC employee and a member of the board of directors of Pfizer, genetic testing startup Tempus, health technology company Aetion Inc., and biotechnology company Illumina. He is also co-chair of the Healthy Sail Panel of Norwegian Cruise Line Holdings and Royal Caribbean.

Categories
Science

Gravitational-Wave Detector Might Sense Merging Primordial Black Holes With the Mass of a Planet, Thousands and thousands of Gentle-Years Away

Gravitational-wave detectors have been a part of astronomy for several years now, and they’ve given us a wealth of information about black holes and what happens when they merge. Gravitational-wave astronomy is still in its infancy, and we are still very limited in the type of gravitational waves we can observe. But that could change soon.

Current gravitational wave observatories are sensitive to the mergers stellar-mass black holes. We’ve observed a few mergers involving neutron stars, but most have been between black holes on the order of tens of solar masses. We can’t yet observe the gravitational waves of supermassive black holes in other galaxies, nor can we observe those of planet-sized worlds. Proposed detectors such as eLISA will allow us to observe the former, but it will take a novel new idea to detect the latter.

The sensitivity of various gravitational wave detectors. Credit: Christopher Moore, Robert Cole and Christopher Berry

The problem with observing gravitational waves from planet-mass bodies is that they are both very faint and very high frequency. Our current designs that use laser interferometry make these waves difficult to observe. The gravitational waves we can observe are already so faint that they are barely above the level of background noise. But recently a team has proposed a gravitational wave detector using resonance rather than lasers.

The idea of using resonance to detect gravitational waves isn’t new. Back in the 1960s Joseph Weber tried detecting them using a large aluminum cylinder. As gravitational waves passed through the cylinder their squeezing and pulling would cause the cylinder to ring at a particular frequency. Weber hoped that the ringing caused by gravitational waves would be stronger than those caused by background noise and heat. But Weber’s experiment failed, which led astronomers to pursue other methods such as the laser interferometry method we use now.

Joseph Weber and one of his gravitational wave detectors. Credit: Special Collections and University Archives, University of Maryland Libraries

This new design takes a similar approach to Weber but leverages modern technology. One of the limitations of Weber’s design was that he had to use piezoelectric sensors to measure the vibration of the cylinder, which limited the sensitivity of his experiment. So instead the team proposes using a hollow cylinder placed in a strong magnetic field. As gravitational waves pass through the cylinder, they should induce electromagnetic waves in the cylinder, which we could detect. Based on their design, the team thinks they should be able to detect very faint gravitational waves.

Perhaps the most interesting aspect of the idea is that the detector would be sensitive to high-frequency gravitational waves, such as those that would be produced by merging primordial black holes. Primordial black holes are hypothetical objects about the size of a tennis ball that would have been formed in the earliest moments of the universe. If they exist, they might explain things such as dark matter. And this new detector would be perfect for finding them.

Overall this new design is a bit speculative, and it’s still just in the design stage. The team will have to build one to see if it works, and it remains to be seen whether they will be able to distinguish between the signal and the noise. But if they succeed it could tell us about black holes, dark matter, and beyond.

Reference: Herman, Nicolas, et al. “Detecting Planetary-mass Primordial Black Holes with Resonant Electromagnetic Gravitational Wave Detectors.” arXiv preprint arXiv:2012.12189 (2020).

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Entertainment

Walmart removes knockoff Yeezy Foam Runners after Kanye West lawsuit

# Roommate, it wasn’t long before Walmart got word that Kanye West wasn’t messing around with its recent lawsuit. Following previous news that Kanye filed a formal lawsuit against the popular retailer for selling counterfeit Yeezy Foam Runners, Walmart has officially removed the imitations from its website.

@TMZ_TV reports that Walmart was apparently unwilling to stand up against Kanye West in court for selling counterfeit versions of its hugely popular Yeezy Foam Runner shoes – as the company decided to permanently remove all imitations from its website.

However, you will recall that Walmart originally claimed that the imitations were from a third party and that the company itself wasn’t behind making the shoes, but Yeezy still didn’t have it. The Walmart knockoffs sold for $ 25 while the real ones designed by Kanye are currently retailing for $ 75.

As we reported earlier, legal documents were recently filed showing that Kanye sued Walmart for selling the shoes after ignoring its original request to the company to remove them from the website. The documents also state that Walmart’s sales of the imitations cost the Yeezy brand hundreds of millions of dollars in revenue. Walmart has also been accused of trying to use Kanye’s name and popularity to make a profit on the shoes.

According to reports, Kanye and his legal team may be investigating legal action against other companies and websites that sell counterfeit versions of his shoes and other Yeezy merchandise.

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Categories
Sport

UEFA Euro-Bracket 2021: TV program, channels, streams to observe each spherical of 16 within the USA

At Euro 2021, two more teams will reach the quarter-finals on Monday. Spain is the youngest team to make it and it will face the winner of the last 16 France vs. Switzerland.

Denmark became the first quarter-finalist on Saturday. The Danes are next against that Czech Republic in a quarter-final that no one had predicted after the Czechs slipped 2-0 against the Netherlands.

Italy took extra time to survive a round of 16 scare from Austria, and it’s on to the meeting Belgiumwho won a heavyweight showdown against defending champions Portugal.

The series of individual eliminations began with the round of 16, followed by the quarter-finals, semi-finals and the final, which crowns the best national team in Europe. In the event of a tie, there is an extra 30 minutes. If the deadlock persists, the game will be decided by a penalty shoot-out.

MORE: Stream any Euro game on fuboTV (7-day free trial)

History has shown us that with these knockouts, not everything is scripted. There will be surprises along the way and a penalty shootout or two. Keep up to date with all the action with the tournament list and full schedule below, including TV and streaming details for each game.

So look at the Euro Round of 16 in the US

  • Events: Sat, June 26th to Tue, June 29th
  • Times: And 12 p.m. and 3 p.m. ET
  • TV: ESPN (6 games) & ABC (2 games)
  • Spanish speaking television: Univision & TUDN (2 games)
  • Stream: fuboTV (7-day free trial version), ESPN app, PrendeTV (all rounds of 16 games)

All eight games of the last 16 of Euro 2021 will be broadcast in the USA on ESPN or ABC. Univision and TUDN will report on two games in Spanish.

ESPN, ABC and Univision / TUDN can be streamed on fuboTV (free 7-day trial version). Games can also be streamed on the ESPN app (in English) or on PrendeTV (in Spanish).

UEFA European Championship 2021

Getty Images

Round 16

date game Time (TV channels) electricity
Sat, June 26th RD16 # 1: Wales 0, Denmark 4 Highlights
Sat, June 26th RD16 # 2: Italy 2, Austria 1 (nw) Highlights
Sun June 27th RD16 # 3: Netherlands 0, Czech Republic 2 Highlights
Sun June 27th RD16 # 4: Belgium 1, Portugal 0 Highlights
Mon, June 28th RD16 # 5: Croatia 3rd Spain 5 (nw) Highlights
Mon, June 28th RD16 # 6: France vs. Switzerland 3:00 p.m. ET (ESPN) fuboTV, ESPN app, PrendeTV
Tue, June 29th RD16 # 7: England vs. Germany 12:00 p.m. ET (ESPN) fuboTV, ESPN app, PrendeTV
Tue, June 29th RD16 # 8: Sweden vs. Ukraine 3:00 p.m. ET (ESPN, Univision, TUDN) fuboTV, ESPN-App, TUDN.tv

Quarter finals

date game Time (TV channels) electricity
Fri, July 2nd QF1: Spain vs. RD16 # 6 12:00 p.m. ET (ESPN) fuboTV, ESPN app, PrendeTV
Fri, July 2nd QF2: Belgium vs. Italy 3:00 p.m. ET (ESPN) fuboTV, ESPN app, PrendeTV
Sat, July 3rd QF3: Czech Republic vs. Denmark 12 p.m. ET (ESPN, Univision, TUDN) fuboTV, ESPN-App, TUDN.tv
Sat, July 3rd QF4: RD16 # 8 vs. RD16 # 7 3:00 p.m. ET (ABC, Univision, TUDN) fuboTV, ESPN-App, ESPN3, TUDN.tv

Semifinals

date game Time (TV channels) electricity
Tue, July 6th QF 2 vs. QF 1 3:00 p.m. ET (ESPN, Univision, TUDN) fuboTV, ESPN +, TUDN.tv
Wed, July 7th QF 4 vs. QF 3 3:00 p.m. ET (ESPN, Univision, TUDN) fuboTV, ESPN +, TUDN.tv

final

date game Time (TV channels) electricity
Sun July 11th final 3:00 p.m. ET (ESPN, Univision, TUDN) fuboTV, ESPN +, TUDN.tv
Categories
Science

“Sea acidification doesn’t have an effect on” fish conduct – cotton wool with it?

Reposted by NoTricksZone

By P. Gosselin on June 27, 2021

The latest video from The Cold Sun takes in a recent article on ocean acidification and its alleged effects on coral fish behavior.

Lower ocean pH affecting fish?

Previous research, begun in 2009 by Prof. Philip Munday and Danielle Dixon of James Cook University, Australia, suggested that “ocean acidification” is wreaking havoc on fish behavior, leading the IPCC to claim in a 2014 report that this to “profound” consequences for marine diversity “and the media to publish a series of climate doom reports.

But Munday and Dixon’s alarming research has since been seriously challenged in a recent article by a group led by fish physiologist Timothy Clark of Deakin University in Geelong, Australia:

A year ago, the researchers published the results of a comprehensive 3-year study in the journal Nature in an article entitled “Ocean acidification does not interfere with the behavior of coral reef fish”.

The summary of the paper:

Coral reef fish are predicted to be particularly vulnerable to ocean acidification at the end of the century on the basis of several high-profile publications4,5, which have reported profound behavioral and sensory impairments – for example, complete attraction to the chemical signals of predators under conditions of ocean acidification. Here we show comprehensively and transparently that ocean acidification at the end of the century – in contrast to earlier studies – has negligible effects on important behavior of coral reef fish. such as avoiding chemical cues from predators, fish activity levels and behavioral lateralization (left-right rotation preference). With the help of data simulations, we also show that the large effect sizes and small variances within the group reported in several previous studies are highly unlikely. Taken together, our results indicate that the reported effects of ocean acidification on coral reef fish behavior are not reproducible, suggesting that coral reef fish behavior disorders in high carbon oceans will not be a significant consequence. “

The cold sun reports on the new findings, noting that Clark et al. repeated Munday’s experiments and failed to reproduce the results:

A team of seven, led by Timothy Clark from Deakin University, Australia, co-published an analysis in the renowned journal Nature devastating criticism the dramatic scenarios of the Munday group. ” […]

“Even with high CO2 values ​​at the end of the 21st century, the group of critics does not expect any negative effects on the behavior of the coral fish.”

However, James Cook University denies that Munday and his team of scientists engaged in sloppy science.

James Cook University has been embroiled in controversy, particularly over the dismissal of researcher Prof. Dr. Peter Ridd, who claims he was fired for expressing unpopular views.

You can also read more about Munday’s controversial research here.

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Entertainment

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Categories
Health

Covid vaccines are working, however extra individuals must get the injections: US physician

Vaccines work against Covid-19, including the highly contagious Delta variant – but the challenge is getting enough people vaccinated, according to a professor of preventive medicine at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine.

“It doesn’t help to leave it in the refrigerator, it won’t prevent disease. You have to take this vaccine in your arms,” ​​said William Schaffner on Monday in CNBC’s Squawk Box Asia.

Data compiled by the online scientific publication Our World In Data showed that around 22.6% of the world’s population received at least one dose of a Covid-19 vaccine – but most of them are in high-income, affluent countries in North America and Western Europe.

Less than 1% of people in low-income countries have received at least one dose.

Covid booster recordings

It remains unclear whether those vaccinated against Covid-19 would need booster shots across the board.

A group of scientists from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recently said that there is currently insufficient data to support the recommendation of booster shots for the general population, but that more vulnerable groups such as the elderly or transplant recipients may need an additional dose .

Medical assistant Odilest Guerrier administers a Moderna COVID-19 vaccine to Pasqual Cruz at a clinic established by Healthcare Network in Immokalee, Florida on May 20, 2021.

Joe Raedle | Getty Images

Schaffner said the need for booster vaccinations would depend on two things.

“The length of time our current vaccines will be protected has yet to be determined, but so far so well, and whether new variants will emerge that can bypass the protection of our current vaccines,” he said, adding that such variants are still ongoing are appear. “We just have to get (Covid vaccines) more acceptance among the population.”

The coronavirus has mutated many times since the pandemic began last year.

One variant that experts say poses a major threat to the elimination of Covid-19 is Delta – a virulent strain that was first discovered in India and has since spread in over 90 countries around the world. Delta is becoming the predominant variant of the disease worldwide and has been declared a “worrying variant” by the World Health Organization.

Vaccine hesitate

Many countries face vaccine hesitation, in part due to misinformation spread about the gunfire.

Even in the United States, where more than 50% of the population received at least one dose of the vaccine, vaccination efforts in some states have hit a wall as the Delta variant is rapidly spreading across the country. It could become a potential problem in parts of the US, especially in rural areas where vaccination rates remain low, making more people susceptible to the Delta variant.

We risk new variants that may escape the protection of our vaccine as the virus spreads. Not just here in the United States, but all over the world.

William Schaffner

Vanderbilt University Medical School

Schaffner said the US is in a “slightly better position” to tackle the new variant, but it is far from ideal. He explained that in some areas the vaccination rate achieved is between mid-20% to mid-30%, while the ideal range to stop the spread of the Delta variant is around 70% to 80%. Many people who are hospitalized for Covid-19 are either unvaccinated or partially vaccinated, according to Schaffner.

“The more transmissions that occur, the more new people are infected, the more opportunities the virus has to multiply. When it multiplies, it mutates. And when it mutates, it has the opportunity to create new variants, ”he said.

“We are threatened with new variants that can evade the protection of our vaccine the further the virus spreads. Not just here in the US, but all over the world, ”added Schaffner.

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Sport

As Morata endures dreadful abuse, Spain give attention to formidable Euro 2020 last-16 take a look at posed by Croatia

When it comes to Alvaro Morata and Spain, the big question remains unanswered: Is he — are they — tough enough to overcome obstacles and win Euro 2020?

Monday’s round-of-16 showdown with Croatia (noon ET; stream LIVE on ESPN) will no doubt be a test, given they have been quite the thorn in his — and their — sides over the years.

Morata is, without question, one of the most likeable, affable, “natural” superstar footballers you will ever meet. Let me share a couple of anecdotes.

Five years ago, on Ile de Re off the west coast of France, Spain were domiciled in a beachside hotel ahead of attempting to defend the European Championship crown they so memorably won in 2012.

Security was tight; the previous November had seen a horrific terrorist attack on Paris, with targets including the Bataclan Theatre and a France-Germany friendly at Stade de France.

The Spanish squad was guarded by several heavily armed members of RAID — a tactical arm of the French Police Nationale — including two men who had been involved in freeing hostages from Bataclan.

While there on assignment, we would chat a little as I waited to either record material or send it from a room within the Spain headquarters. One of the men showed me where one of his fingers had been blown clean off during the Bataclan shootout and talked about how he was coping without it, and with the feeling he had narrowly missed a worse fate.

I asked how they were getting on with their VIP guests. Largely, they admitted, Spain’s players neither chatted with, showed any interest in, nor even said “good morning” to those who were safeguarding them.

With one exception: Morata would stop or smile, have a joke or raise a hand in acknowledgment as he and La Roja passed by. They liked the young Madrileno, these hardened, tough, “seen it all” dudes.

– Euro 2020 on ESPN: Stream LIVE games and replays (U.S. only)
– European Soccer Pick ‘Em: Compete to win $10,000
– Euro 2020 bracket and fixture schedule

I was reminded of this the other day when Andoni Otxotorena, a Real Sociedad fan, reacted to Morata revealing the damage done by abusers, who had written all kinds of horrific things on social media about the striker and his family, simply because he has failed to convert a few chances for Spain.

Otxotorena used Twitter to recall the occasion when he, as well as his dad, uncle and cousin, had managed to get into a national team hotel before a match and sat on a couch in reception, hoping to get the odd photo or autograph.

Most of the squad brushed past them, while a couple, somewhat reluctantly, posed for a quick photo and then turned tail without much grace. Sergio Ramos and David Silva, at least, could spare a smile and a couple of minutes to say, “Nice to meet you.”

Morata was different. Not only did he happily stop and pose with members of the family for a photo, but when he saw Otxotorena’s dad sitting alone, not joining in the clamour, he went over to this stranger.

Morata asked the father how they had got there, the two chatted about Spain’s form and shared a couple of coffees before the striker embraced the elder man and headed off to his room. What he left behind was an aura, one that would be unfair to expect from all footballers, but one that turned a casual encounter into a life event.

The occasion? It was ahead of Spain’s 2-1 defeat to Croatia in Bordeaux during Euro 2016, a game in which Morata scored, then was substituted with the game level and watched from the bench as Ivan Perisic netted a late breakaway winner.

The result condemned Spain to face Italy in the knockout round in Paris, where Giorgio Chiellini, Leonardo Bonucci and Gianluigi Buffon had little difficulty dealing with their 22-year-old Juventus teammate. They bullied Morata that day and Spain went out toothlessly.

Alvaro Morata has Luis Enrique’s support, but Spain face a huge challenge against Croatia. Getty

All of which are reasons what Morata said on Thursday should catch our attention.

“I understand I get criticism for not scoring goals. I’m the first to know and accept it,” Morata told radio station Cadena COPE after Spain thrashed Slovakia 5-0 but he missed a penalty. “I wish people would put themselves in the position of seeing what it is to receive threats and insults to your family, ‘I hope your children die.’ [This week] I had to put my phone away.

“[Memes] don’t bother me, but what annoys me is what my wife has to go through,” he added. “My kids go to Seville with their dad’s name on their shirts. Yes [they’ve had things said to them]. I understand criticism for not doing my job well. But there’s a limit.”

Morata admitted that, in the aftermath of Spain’s draw against Poland, he lay awake for nine hours, “angry because I had a chance and Spain couldn’t win.” As he dealt with not meeting his own expectations, online abuse and threats poured in.

The 28-year-old has been given great gifts in life. He is tall, handsome and athletically superior. He is wealthy beyond the imagination of most, the winner of umpteen important trophies including league titles in Spain and Italy and two Champions Leagues. And still young, he has the world in front of him.

But he is also a husband and a father of three. He has doubts and worries and feels criticism. He is human, basically. Yes, he is devoted to winning and has been a route toward victory for Spain, Atletico Madrid, Real Madrid, Juventus and Chelsea over the years, but he has not simply been one of those “winning is absolutely everything” kind of guys.

But perhaps there is evidence that he is changing. After highlighting the rubbish he has seen recently, he said, “I’m doing OK with it all; perhaps a few years ago it would have really got to me,” before adding, “I get attacked more than other players, I’ve had two choices. To stay silent or to confront it by coming out and talking about it.”

That speaks well of him; he is obliged to punch back when the unfairness reaches his family.

play

1:12

Sid Lowe describes a disconnect between Spain and its fans, particularly the fans’ treatment of Alvaro Morata.

Now, let’s admit, Morata is still a little profligate in front of goal, but that is not to take away from his ability to continually get into scoring positions. A literal example was seen in how he scored against Poland — remember, the game after which he could not sleep? — when lovely anticipation and movement was followed by a sweet finish.

Luis Enrique backed his striker on Sunday, saying the police should investigate the abuse, and Morata has also spoken of the benefits of talking to Spain sports psychologist Joaquin Valdez, a long-time member of the (notoriously hard-minded) Luis Enrique.

“Joaquin helps all of us a lot,” Morata said last week. “It’s great having someone who understands you, who listens when you need him to. I’m even a little afraid of flying but he and I joke about it and just the act of speaking to him about it has helped me.”

Such a confession might help explain why Morata chose to speak out about his hurt and anger over the abuse he received, but now his attention will be on opponents that have been something of a thorn in not just his side, but of the national team.

2 Related

Croatia did not just start the process of bundling Spain out of the last Euros, but two years later and months after suffering a 6-0 defeat in the sides’ next meeting, Luka Modric & Co. inflicted more pain by knocking La Roja out of the inaugural UEFA Nations League. Morata played in both defeats, but did not get off the bench when Croatia were put to the sword.

On Monday in Copenhagen, Zlatko Dalic’s team will include guys who think they can bully Morata and think they are tougher than Spain in general, and are more committed to winning.

Who knows, perhaps they will be proved right, but I suspect that Morata is no longer the guy who was told by Buffon in 2015 that, “once he stopped feeling sorry for himself he would become a great player” and he needed to “forget his mental hang-ups.”

Spain’s national team is not as Teflon-hard, nor as ruthless as when it listed Gerard Pique, Sergio Ramos, Carles Puyol, Xabi Alonso and David Villa in its ranks and won trophy after international trophy a decade ago.

Meet the current squad and you will find them friendly, articulate and ebullient, with none of the cold, determined, “get out of my way” personalities so often needed to excel. And yet there is inner strength to match the talent, which is why I suspect Monday will not prove to be their final say in this tournament.

As for Morata? I hope that it is his night at the Parken Stadium; I hope he wins one for the good guys in life.

Categories
Science

Most exoplanets don’t obtain sufficient radiation to help an Earth-like biosphere

To date, astronomers have confirmed the existence of 4,422 extrasolar planets in 3,280 star systems, with an additional 7,445 candidates awaiting confirmation. Of these, only a small fraction (165) were terrestrial (also known as rocky) and comparable in size to Earth – ie not “super-earths”. And even fewer have been found that orbit within the Circumolar Habitable Zone (HZ) of their parent star.

In the years to come, this is likely to change when next-generation instruments (like James Webb) are able to observe smaller planets orbiting closer to their stars (there, Earth-like planets are more likely). However, according to a new study by researchers from the University of Naples and the Italian National Institute of Astrophysics (INAF), Earth-like biospheres for exoplanets could be very rare.

The study, entitled “Efficiency of Oxygen Photosynthesis on Earth-Like Planets in the Habitable Zone,” was recently published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. Under the direction of astrophysicist Prof. Giovanni Covone from the University of Naples, the team focused on whether the exoplanets discovered so far received enough photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) to enable the development of complex biospheres.

This artist’s impression shows the planet orbiting the sun-like star HD 85512 in the southern constellation Vela (The Sail). Photo credit: ESO / M. Grain knife

This work builds on what we know about the evolution of the Earth’s biosphere, which has changed dramatically over time. From what scientists have been able to put together from geological records, climatological studies, and fossilized remains, it is theorized that the first life forms appeared on Earth about 4 billion years ago, only 500 million years after the planet emerged from the protoplanetary disk that surrounded our sun.

These unicellular microbes used photosynthesis to create nutrients and molecular oxygen (O2) from sunlight and carbon dioxide – which at the time made up a significant portion of the Earth’s atmosphere. In the Paleoproterozoic (about 2.4 to 2.0 billion years ago) this led to the “Great Oxygenation Event”, in which molecular oxygen slowly accumulated in the earth’s atmosphere and enabled the emergence of more complex forms of life.

Photosynthetic organisms in particular relied on solar radiation, which ranges from 400 to 700 nanometers in the electromagnetic spectrum, to carry out “oxygen-rich photosynthesis” – which roughly corresponds to the range of light that the human eye can perceive – aka. visible light. This is of great concern to astrobiologists as sun-like stars (yellow type G dwarfs) are rare, with an estimated 4.1 billion in the Milky Way (between 1 and 4%).

They are M-type red dwarfs of the main order that make up the majority of the stars in our universe and about 75% in our galaxy alone. Compared to sun-like stars, red dwarfs are cooler and less luminous and are known for their increased flare activity and produce a significant amount of radiation in the ultraviolet range. In addition, based on the current rocky exoplanet count, red dwarfs are considered the most likely place where Earth-like planets can be found.

Artist’s impression of the potentially habitable planet Kepler 422-b (left) compared to Earth (right). Photo credit: Ph03nix1986 / Wikimedia Commons

For their study, Covone and his colleagues examined how much energy known terrestrial exoplanets receive and whether this would be sufficient to produce nutrients and molecular oxygen. As Prof. Covone summarized in a press release from the Royal Astronomical Society:

“Since red dwarfs are by far the most common type of star in our galaxy, this result suggests that Earth-like states may be far less common on other planets than we could hope for. This study severely restricts the parameter space for complex life, so that unfortunately it appears that the “sweet spot” for housing a rich, earth-like biosphere is not that big. “

They found that of all known rocky exoplanets, only one gets anywhere near the amount of PAR that it would need to sustain a large biosphere. This was Kepler-442b, a rocky planet about twice as massive as Earth (also known as Super-Earth) orbiting in the HZ of an orange K-type dwarf about 1,206 light-years away. They also found that stars with half the surface temperature of our Sun – 5,778 K (5500 ° C; 9940 ° F) – or less cannot sustain Earth-like biospheres.

This is true for many orange-colored dwarf stars of type K, which have surface temperatures of 3,900 to 5,200 K (3625 to 4925 ° C; 6560 to 8900 ° F). While planets orbiting them could still photosynthesize oxygen, they would not be able to sustain rich biospheres. Meanwhile, any type M red dwarfs – which are in the 2,000 to 3,900 K (1725 to 4925 ° C; 3140 to 8900 ° F) range – would not be getting enough energy to even activate photosynthesis.

NASA’s James Webb Telescope, featured in this artist’s conception, will provide more information on previously discovered exoplanets. After 2020, many more next-generation space telescopes are expected to build on the discoveries. Photo credit: NASA

Meanwhile, stars fall in the O, B, A, or F spectral range (which are generally blue or white) and have surface temperatures in excess of 30,000 K (29,725 ° C; 53,540 ° F) to a minimum of 5,200 K (4925 ° F) .). ° C; 8,900 ° F). While planets orbiting within the HZs of these stars could produce photosynthetic organisms, they would not be able to sustain biospheres long enough for complex life to develop.

These results are reminiscent of previous research by Manasvi Lingam and Abraham Loeb, a postdoctoral fellow and Frank B. Baird Jr. Professor of Science at Harvard University (each). In a 2019 study titled “Photosynthesis on Inhabitable Planets Around Low Mass Stars,” they showed how planets orbiting red dwarf stars may not receive enough photons to support photosynthesis.

In November 2021, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will be launched into space, where it will use its advanced infrared imaging capabilities to detect smaller planets orbiting closer to their stars, particularly red dwarfs. The Nancy Grace (RST) Roman Space Telescope is expected to follow by 2024, and with its sophisticated optics and large field of view (100 times the size of Hubble’s), it will discover more exoplanets than ever before.

These and other sophisticated observatories will exponentially increase the number of confirmed exoplanets and shed new light on what it takes for a planet to be habitable (at least for life as we know it). With luck, we will discover planetary environments capable of supporting life in a way we are not familiar with, thus expanding the scope of our search.

Further reading: Royal Astronomical Society, MNRAS

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Science

Extraordinary file highs, adopted by maybe the quickest cool-down in Northwestern (US) historical past – so?

Reposted from the Cliff Mass Weather Blog

If you live west of the Oregon and Washington Cascade Ridge, tomorrow will be a day you will never forget.

The latest model runs, all in very high resolution, show even more profound extremes than previously forecast. And the end of the event will be extraordinary, with temperatures dropping as much as 50 ° C within a few hours.

Our coming weather

Records already broken

Many records fell yesterday, including a new all-time high in Portland (108F) and daily or monthly records at dozen of stations. But its nothing compared to what is about to happen now.

Situation at the moment (Sunday noon)

A fascinating diagram (below, click on the image to enlarge) shows you the 24-hour temperature change – how we behave in terms of temperature compared to exactly one day ago.

Along the SW WA coast, some places are 15-30F warmer as the wind blows to the east (from the east), displacing the cool sea air. But check out the Portland area… many places are 10-15F warmer due to increased offshore currents, with the air being warmed by compression as it sinks over the western slopes of the Cascades.

The new 108F record in Portland will be CLEARED today. 115F is quite possible.

But north of Seattle the temperatures were a bit cooler.

Ironically, it’s linked to the warmth along the coast and around Portland! To explain this, here is the predicted map of sea level pressure at 5:00 p.m. today. You can see the low winds and lines of constant pressure (isobars). You’ll also notice a low pressure area – the thermal trough – that is centered in the Willamette Valley. It is the result of warm air created by the easterly current that carries down the western slopes of the Cascade. With low pressure in the south and high pressure in the north, the thermal trough created northerly winds over Puget Sound, cooling the air as it moved north over cooler waters.

But that low pressure will move north overnight and Puget Sound will “enjoy” the hot conditions that are now burning in Portland.
Here is the latest temperature forecast for 5:00 p.m. today. You can see the very warm conditions around Portland (dark brown is 109-112) and you will see very warm conditions along the lower western slopes of the central Washington Cascades and the nearby lowlands. Near the water around Seattle, near the water, it’s going to be the upper 90s ONLY.

Tomorrow: the day of unimaginable extremes
But tomorrow everything will go terribly wrong. The thermal trough moves north and west and pushes the strong easterly, sloping current to the north over the central cascades (see map for Monday 11:00 a.m.). The sinking air is compressed / heated as it sinks.

The onset of declining compression warming will cause temperatures to warm beyond the experience of any living resident in the area (see forecast temperatures for Monday at 5:00 p.m.). Temperatures will rise above 112 ° F on the east side of Puget Sound and above 100 ° F for anyone more than a few miles from the water. Portland gets similarly warm. And so are the lower elevations of the Columbia Basin. Heat apocalypse. What else can you say?

You all know that just looking at a forecast is not enough. We have to examine many (ensembles) to evaluate our confidence in the forecast. Well, here are the high resolution ensemble temperature forecasts at SeaTac Airport. The time is indicated on the x-axis (00Z29 is Monday 5:00 p.m.). Almost every model run brings SeaTac to around 112F.

And there is more … .. after the temperature peak at around 5 p.m. it crashes steeply, like a crazy meteorological roller coaster. Some of you will sweat around dinner in temperatures as high as 110 ° C, but look for a light sweater around 6 a.m.
The reasons for this profound change? The thermal trough begins to move east over the cascades, with a sea thrust on land bringing in cool air from the Pacific (see forecast map on Tuesday at 2 a.m., green and blue colors indicate cool temperatures).

On Tuesday it will still be warm (80s for many) but the wild heat will be broken. Good luck tomorrow. They’ll talk about it for a long time.
This is the “perfect storm” that creates extreme temperatures for our region. If you want to see how I feel, watch the video (60 seconds in) [I cued it up for the WUWT audience~cr]

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