Month: July 2025

If you could see the universe through a radio wave eye, you would recognize mini-helos relativistic particles that create radio emissions by some galaxy clusters. Astronomers have long made up that these halos relative “recent” events are in the nearby universe and did not occur in the early eras of cosmic history. This has now changed because the low -radio observatory for low frequency array (lofar) in Europe has unveiled newborn galaxies in the early universe that has already been surrounded by a halo of particles. It is a rare look at how such clusters were soon after it was founded.

Galaxia clusters are known to be spectacular diffuse radio sources. These can extend over distance of 100 KPC (326,156 light years) to several MPCs (millions of light years). These sources are not necessarily bound to individual galaxies. Instead, they pursue the presence of synchrotron emissions from large magnetic fields and relativistic particles within the intracluster -surrounding environments essentially in the regions between cluster galaxies.

The Julie Llavacekkk-Larrondo from Université de Montreal headed a team with Roland Timmerman from Durham University to observe the distant early universe, and found that removed, early galaxy clusters had these high-energy particle sharpness for almost their existence. The Galaxy cluster you examined, which is referred to as Sparks104922.6+564032.5, proves to be the previously removed Cool Core cluster, which has so far been identified at a distance of 10 billion light years. This makes his halo the distant mini-helo ever seen. The team used Lofar to recognize around 120–168 MHz emissions from the scene. “It is astonishing to find such a strong radio signal at this distance,” Timmerman. “It means that these energetic particles and the processes created with it have shaped galaxy clusters for almost the entire history of the universe.”

Take a rare look at early galaxy clusters

The Sparcs104922.6+564032.5 mini-helo is a cloud of highly energetic charged particles. It fills the vacuum between galaxies in the cluster and spends radio waves that can be recognized from the earth. The existence of the mini-helo should help the astronomers to understand more about this early era and how the energy moves through galaxy cluster.

The astronomers described this mini -halo discovery as a rare overview of how Galaxy cluster environments were shortly after their foundation. It is now clear that halos of energy -maker particles in the halos have been thinking longer than astronomers for billions of years. Your presence definitely enables scientists to follow their origins and paths through the cluster. Lofar has also examined other distant, early clusters to characterize their shapes and emissions.

The most sensitive image of the sausage hub, which was observed with the Lofar HBA antennas at 150 MHz. The cluster shows two opposing giant radio relics created by Galaxy Cluster fusions. The merger heats the intra cluster gas on extremely hot plasma emissions X-rays (green). Here particles (e.g. electrons) are accelerated to very high energies. The rest of the resolved sources is mainly radio -based alaxus that organize an active super solid black hole. Credit: Duy Hoang (Leiden), Tim Shimwell (Leiden), Andra Stroe (ESO), Reinout van Weeren (Harvard), Georgina Ogrean (ESO) and Huub Rottgering (suffering) for the Lofar -Surveys

If these mini-helos really exist (and the evidence is strong), how did you form? There are some different ideas to explain them. One calls up black holes and the other uses cosmic particle collisions to explain the halos. The idea of ​​the black hole suggests that super massive black holes in the hearts of the galaxies of the cluster send massive streams of energy -maker particles. That sounds plausible based on what we know about such black holes and their feeding habits. They occupy material via their accretion panes, which are overpressed in spirals. This action releases particles and radiation. However, it is still not clear how the particles move away so quickly and form a mini-helo-a remain that is such an energetic remain.

The theory of cosmic particle collisions suggests that if you collide apart in the cluster environment near the lighting speeds. This creates additional showers of such particles that finally make up the mini-helo.

Lofar and the next generation radio arrays

The detection of this mini-helos using Lofar is a big step forward in radio astronomy studies in the early universe. The results of the team offer a way for other arrays such as SKA (square kilometer array) and NGVLA (very large array of the next generation) to dig deeper into the early universe.

Part of the Lofar telescope near Exloo in the Netherlands. The entire array extends over parts of Europe. Credit: Lofar / Astron

LOFO is the largest radio telescope that works on the radio of the Radio Astronomy in the lowest frequency radio. His recipients are scattered in most Europe, most of them study heaven in the Netherlands. Among other things, it was built to study early universe, including emissions from the earliest stars and galaxies. Astronomers also use it to examine pulsare, active galactic seeds, events in nearby galaxies and other short-lived “radio transfer” such as fast radio burdens.

One of Lofar's main goals is to help the astronomers understand how and where objects in the universe accelerated the highest energy particles. Observations of the mini-helos in the early universe help to identify the sources and to raise further questions about the origin and development of the structure in the cosmos. Other LoFar science return to the age of the first stars and even tries to deal with the era of rice. During this period, neutral gas in the infant universe was ionized by the first stars and galaxies. The emissions from these epochs are shown here in radio frequencies, which are particularly evident from LOFAR, which can be proven by LOFOR.

More information

The discovery of “mini -halo” shows how the early universe was formed

Discovery of diffuse radio emission in a massive z = 1.709 Cool core cluster: a candidate radio mini-helo

Promise

From the daily skeptic

By Chris Morrison

The BBC complaints Director Colin Tregear has registered for the Green Nursing course, which runs from the Oxford Climate Journalism Network (OCJN) as a six-month sabbatical. The course is financed by the Green Blob and aims to make the “climate crisis” a central element in the journalism of the participants. Tegear is said to have responsibility for climate badges at the BBC. Quite why the British television taxpayer should finance this activist Boondoggle for a man who is supposed to consider independently of one another, which contain the frequently controversial science areas. In the past, the participants were asked to take into account that fruits such as mangoes are not as tasty as a year ago due to climate change. A former spokesman speculates about the need for “fines and prisoners” for those who express skepticism about “well -supported” science.

Tegear is accompanied by Maeve Campbell, a TV climate reporter on Channel 4 in Great Britain. Your recording is less surprising because she is an identical activist who is fully on the need for Fear Mongering to support the Net Zero fantasy. It should fit well into the OCJN. Recently, she wrote that “fertile land is gradually dry, barren and not able to support plants or humans all over the world, since climate change increases the temperatures”. Due to the risk of imprisonment, it could be friendly for someone that the recent low increase in the atmospheric carbon dioxide led to a massive “green” of the planet, a significant relief and the records of the yields of basic foods around the world.

The OCJN is operated by the Reuters Institute, which is financed by the Thompson Reuters Foundation. The overall steering committee is headed by Alan Rusbridger, who, as the editor of The Guardian, transformed the newspaper into a hysterical proclim for an upcoming climate apocalypse. The European Climate Foundation (ECF) and Laude Foundation became direct funds for the course that tried to influence journalists around the world. The ECF is strongly supported by the extinction -Lebellion radio Sir Christopher Hohn, while Laudes brought in £ 1 million in 2024 to support the course activities of the network by 2027.

The Green Blob Paymasters are well represented in the OCJN Advisory Board, which should be committed to “improving the quality and effects of climate change journalism worldwide”. Katy Hartley is a director of strategy, innovation and narrative and member of the Laude Management team. In an earlier job, she was part of a “cross -entit team who examined how all philanthropic units were able to react to climate cancellation”. Other interesting consultants are Leo Hickman, the publisher of Carbon letter, an activist blog financed by the ECF, and Dr. Friederike Otto, who heads a green, pseudo-scientific weather-attribution outfit from Imperial College London. Regular readers will of course remember that Otto was one of the leading stabbing in the notorious Alimonti matter when a group of activists and journalists forced nature to withdraw a paper in which a climate level was not supported by the facts -the facts were the facts that were largely provided by the intergovernell panel on the climate change. Otto claimed that the authors had “naturally” not written in good faith. The respected science author Dr. Roger Pielke Jr. later found that “the shenanigans are continuing in climate science and merging influential scientists with journalists to corrupt peer review checks”.

Die the idea that something like this is planned in the OCJN. But his considerations and relentless AgitProps will hopefully be Colin Tregear helped, since he will be exposed to all these insolent complaints to the public about the biased reporting of the BBC about climate change. It has a good shape when closing the debate. In February 2014, Nigel Lawson, a prominent conservative minister in the governments of Margaret Thatcher, announced to the Today program for BBC Radio 4 that the global temperatures had carried out in the last decade. Tregear replied to the complainant and replied: “I hope you excuse my apology for the BBC for the violation of the editorial standards you identified.” In fact, the break, although it was very impractical, was known at that time, and the Met Office even wrote a paper with the title “The latest break in global warming”. Within a short time, the BBC changed to conclude all the skeptical comments on a science that was declared “enclosed”, a ban that is still enforced today.

In the meantime, your correspondent for his 'Mango' contribution helps helpfully. Use AI to tell you why your taste has decreased due to climate change and you will have a mainstream copy for media within seconds. Ask it how I can ask, like me, about an alternative view, that mangoes are more tasty than before before you can say bananas, a plausible article appears. The point is, of course, that when mainstream media are simply maintained to write copies in strictly preset narrative guidelines, what is the point of dealing with the journalists at all? The entire over-occupied climate desk of the BBC could be closed, and Mr. GROK commissioned to provide an unprecedented stream of scientists, the propaganda, which induces to fear of mass climate and helps the general public to accept the controlling net elite fantasy.

Chris Morrison is the Daily Skeptic's Environment Editor. Follow him on X.

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By 2028, NASA intends to land the “first woman and first color of color” on the moon as part of Artemis III mission. This is the first time that people have run there since the astronaut Apollo on the moon surface in 1972. Together with international and commercial partners, NASA hopes that Artemis will enable a “persistent program of the moon study and development”, which could include long -term facilities and habitats on the moon. In view of the costs for the start of heavy payloads, it is impractical to send all devices and materials to the moon.

This means that structures on the moon have to be produced with local resources, a process that is referred to as in-situ resource utilization (ISRU). On the moon, this process uses the progress in additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing to transform the moon regoliths into building materials. Unfortunately, technical problems mean that most 3D printing techniques on the moon surface are not possible. In a recently carried out study, a team of researchers headed by the University of Arkansas proposed an alternative method in which the light -based sintering is used for the production of moon stones instead of printing entire structures.

The research team is headed by Wan Shou, an assistant professor at the department for mechanical engineering at the University of Arkansas. It is accompanied by Cole McCallum, Youwen Liang and Nahid Tushar, an honorary college scholarship holder, research assistant and doctoral student at the University College of Engineering. The team also included researchers from the Ministry of Mechanical Engineering and Aerospace Technology at the University of Houston and the Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences at Tampere University.

It is accompanied by Cole McCallum, Youwen Liang and Nahid Tushar, an honorary college scholarship holder, research assistant and doctoral student at the University College of Engineering. At àhe, Cole McCallum, a student of the Bachelor's College, Youwen Liang, doctoral student and Nahid Tushar, becomes a doctor, doctoral student at the University of Engineering.

Concept for a lunar habitat that was designed by the architecture company Foster + Partners. Credit: Esa/Foster + Partner

As you determine in your work, the creation of a permanent (or semi-permanent) basis on the moon has been the subject of research studies and suggestions since the Apollo era. These plans were always impaired by the simple fact that the necessary machines and building materials would require many heavy carrier strength vehicles in order to deliver them at high costs. While the cost of sending payloads in the past decade has dropped significantly, the costs for the start are everything that astronauts need for the construction of a moon complex, especially thanks to the development of reusable rockets by the commercial area sector.

As a result, only Isru is enough to create bases on the moon. Unfortunately, most of the proposed methods for 3D printing structures in the moon environment are not practical, where gravity is significantly lower (16.5% of the earth) and the temperatures extreme. In the southern Pole-Aitken basin of the moon, where NASA and other space agencies plan to build their bases, the temperatures of 54 ° C (130 ° F) in the sunlight ranges to -246 ° C (-410 ° F) range in the shadow regions. This is because most of the methods for the moon require additional supplies, including solvents, polymers or other bonding agents.

Examples are the work of the European Space Agency (ESA) with the architecture company Foster + Partners in order to create a 3D-printed Moonbase concept. As Prof. Shou explained:

There are many of the methods in which a solvent is required for the production of paste or composite materials for extrusion or pressure. These approaches are not feasible because the transport of solvents can be very expensive and the evaporation of solvents can cause many potential problems. Various methods use binders or polymers to implement on. You have similar problems – additional materials, waste treatment. The execution of these machines (ie printer) also requires energy supply.

Sintering technology was also examined as a potential method for 3D printing structures on the moon. This includes the use of various energy sources such as microwaves and lasers that can melt or partially melt regolites. The structure is then printed, layer of layer printed and cools and hardened as soon as it is exposed to air or vacuum of the moon environment. However, these approaches still require complex systems to generate energy.

A 1.5 -ton module that is produced for demonstrating 3D printing techniques using the moon floor. Credit: ESA

“For this reason, our team presents a system in which only moon material is needed for the structures themselves, which eliminates the bottleneck by Binder replenishment missions by the earth,” added Cole, who was the first author on paper that describes its results.

The method that you have proposed and recommended is referred to as light-based sintering, which is based on sunlight, which is focused directly in structures by a series of optics for the sintered mondregoliths. The researchers tested this technology on earth with mondregolith -simulants for the production of glass and mirrors. On the moon, solar energy in sunny regions is consistently present and plentiful, which makes it much more reliable than a power source that needs to be transported. The simplicity of the system makes it very desirable for challenging environments in which repairs will be difficult when something collapses.

However, experiments have shown that the technology still has problems with the production of large, complex structures. For this purpose, the Sou team focused on the production of building components. Said Cole:

While most research on this topic is still based on a mixture of binder and moon floor, the silicon dioxide content of the regolith is so that it can bind to itself at high temperatures when sintering. What we found when trying with larger structures was that there were less uniform and less precision in the parts we created.

For this reason, we found that the best use for our method was to concentrate on the production of a large number of interlocking and reconfiguring bricks for use in large -scale structures. We believe that this “Lego sticks” approach is also advantageous, since the equipment can correspond to the volume restrictions for moon missions, since the total dream is much smaller for the production of each unit.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vwfrcpyavt4

Their work builds on the existing research into sintering technology, which uses various energy sources to melt moon regolites and create building materials. This includes the work of NASA with the Space Architectural company Sinterhab, which suggested to equip the agency's hex-based extra-explorer vehicle (athlete) with microwave sintering technology for the construction of a 3D-printed lunar habitat. However, Said Cole is particularly attractive because it produces reconfiguring bricks.

In particular, the reconfigurability of our brick assemblies is exciting due to the flexibility that we can achieve with the construction process. Since different parts have different material requirements, depending on the problem with which the problem was confronted, we were able to use a variety of techniques. For structures in which a large part is required and in which a high precision is not required, as with radiation protection, our method is of the opinion that our method is promising.

However, before the concept can be recognized, a lot of work still has to be done. As Shou states, further examinations are required to optimize the sinter parameters and material properties. The team also plans to create a prototype and carry out laboratory tests from which you hope that you can refine and scale the technology for use on the moon. You also have to consider how the resulting 3D printer will transport along the moon surface, on which performance options it would rely, and other considerations.

“When it comes to complete implementation, a lot of engineering still has to be carried out,” concluded Cole. “In the future, we have to consider how the sintering process changes in a vacuum or which changes to the build platform are necessary so that parts can be followed, for example. In addition, our device must be able to withstand hard conditions compared to the laboratory environment in which we have worked on challenging problems in this research.

Further reading: Arxiv