Categories
Science

Astronomers find the supply of the high-energy cosmic rays

About a century ago, scientists began to realize that some of the radiation we discover in the earth’s atmosphere is not of local origin. This eventually led to the discovery of cosmic rays, high-energy protons and atomic nuclei, from which their electrons were withdrawn and accelerated to relativistic speeds (close to the speed of light). However, this strange (and potentially fatal) phenomenon still holds some secrets.

This includes questions about their formation and how the main component of cosmic rays (protons) is accelerated to such high speeds. Thanks to new research led by the University of Nagoya, scientists have for the first time quantified the amount of cosmic rays produced in a supernova remnant. This research helped solve a 100 year old mystery and is an important step in determining exactly where cosmic rays are coming from.

While scientists theorize that cosmic rays originate from many sources – our sun, supernovae, gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), and active galactic nuclei (also known as quasars) – their precise origins have been a mystery since their discovery in 1912, astronomers have theorized that Supernova remnants (the aftermath of supernova explosions) are responsible for accelerating them to almost the speed of light.

Showers of high-energy particles occur when high-energy cosmic rays hit the earth’s atmosphere. Cosmic rays were unexpectedly discovered in 1912. Photo credit: Simon Swordy (U. Chicago), NASA.

On its journey through our galaxy, cosmic rays play a role in the chemical evolution of the interstellar medium (ISM). Therefore, understanding their origins is important in order to understand how galaxies evolve. In recent years, improved observations have led some scientists to speculate that supernova remnants produce cosmic rays because the protons they accelerate interact with protons in the ISM to produce very high energy (VHE) gamma rays.

However, gamma rays are also generated by electrons that interact with photons in the ISM, which can be in the form of infrared photons or radiation from the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). So it is of the utmost importance to determine which source is larger in order to determine the origin of cosmic rays. Hoping to shed some light on this, the research team – which included members of Nagoya University, the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ), and the University of Adelaide, Australia – observed the supernova remnant RX J1713.7? 3946 (RX J1713).

The key to their research was the novel approach they developed to quantify the source of gamma rays in interstellar space. Previous observations have shown that the intensity of the VHE gamma radiation caused by the collision of protons with other protons in the ISM is proportional to the interstellar gas density seen by radioline imaging. On the other hand, it is expected that gamma rays caused by the interaction of electrons with photons in the ISM are also proportional to the intensity of nonthermal X-rays of electrons.

For their study, the team relied on data from the High Energy Stereoscopic System (HESS), a VHE gamma ray observatory in Namibia (and operated by the Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics). They then combined these with X-ray data from the ESA observatory X-ray Multi-Mirror Mission (XMM-Newton) and data on gas distribution in the interstellar medium.

Cosmic rays generated by gamma rays versus electrons (top) and data from the HESS and XMM Newton observations (bottom). Credit: Astrophysics Laboratory / Nagoya University

Then they combined all three sets of data and found that protons make up 67 ± 8% of cosmic rays, while cosmic electrons make up 33 ± 8% – roughly a split of 70/30. These findings are groundbreaking, as the possible origin of cosmic rays was quantified for the first time. They are also the most definitive evidence yet that supernova remnants are the source of cosmic rays.

These results also show that gamma rays from protons are more common in gas-rich interstellar regions, while those caused by electrons are amplified in gas-poor regions. This supports what many researchers have predicted, namely that the two mechanisms work together to affect the evolution of the ISM. Professor Emeritus Yasuo Fukui, the lead author of the study, said:

“This novel method would not have been possible without international cooperation. [It] With the next-generation gamma ray telescope CTA (Cherenkov Telescope Array), in addition to the existing observatories, it will be used on other supernova remnants, which will significantly advance research into the origin of cosmic rays. “

In addition to leading this project, Fukui has been working with the NANTEN radio telescope at the Las Campanas Observatory in Chile and the Australia Telescope Compact Array on the quantification of interstellar gas distribution since 2003. Thanks to Professor Gavin Rowell and Dr. Sabrina Einecke from the University of Adelaide (co-authors of the study) and the HESS team, the spatial resolution and sensitivity of gamma-ray observatories has finally reached the point where comparisons can be made between the two.

Meanwhile, co-author Dr. Hidetoshi Sano from the NAOJ analyzed archival datasets from the XMM Newton Observatory. In this respect, this study also shows how international cooperation and data exchange enable all types of cutting-edge research. Together with improved instruments, improved methods and greater opportunities for collaboration lead to an age where astronomical breakthroughs are the order of the day!

Further reading: Nagoya University, The Astrophysical Journal

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Health

Biden says U.S. well being officers are contemplating Covid booster vaccinations after 5 months

United States President Joe Biden will meet with Israeli Prime Minister Naftali Bennett in the Oval Office of the White House in Washington, DC on August 27, 2021.

Nicholas Comb | AFP | Getty Images

President Joe Biden said U.S. regulators are considering giving Covid-19 booster vaccinations five months after completing the primary series and postponing the expected schedule for a third vaccination by about three months.

Biden, who spoke to Israeli Prime Minister Naftali Bennett on Friday, said health officials are considering following this country’s example on boosters.

“We are considering the advice you have given that we should start earlier,” Biden said, adding that officials are discussing whether the schedule should be shorter. “It should only be five months and that is being discussed.”

Booster vaccination approval is expected to come sometime around Labor Day after federal health officials have time to review data from other countries.

The director of the National Institutes of Health, Dr. Francis Collins said last week that data released by Israel on the effectiveness of Covid-19 vaccines over time caused US health leaders to reconsider their position on vaccine booster vaccinations. Israel released new data on Aug. 16 showing a reduction in the effectiveness of Pfizer’s Covid vaccine against serious illness in people 65 and over who were fully vaccinated in January or February.

Israel released more data on Sunday showing that a booster dose offers four times as much protection from infection by the Delta variant than the previous two-dose therapy in people over 60, Reuters reported, citing data from the Israeli Ministry of Health. The booster dose was also five to six times more effective in preventing hospitalization or serious illness.

About 1.5 million Israeli residents have received a booster dose of a Covid-19 vaccine.

Later in the day, White House spokeswoman Jen Psaki explained Biden’s comments, saying he would rely on CDC and FDA officials to make changes to formal U.S. health guidelines, which currently last eight months.

“So I want to be very clear, if they changed their leadership based on data for a certain group, he would of course stick to it,” Psaki said at a press conference on Friday. “But for the folks watching at home for all of you reporting this, nothing has changed about the eight month timeline regarding the boosters.”

Other countries such as the Dominican Republic, Hungary, Germany and others have either already started, are about to, or are considering booster vaccinations.

Pfizer said Wednesday that a booster dose of its vaccine triple its neutralizing antibodies in an unpublished study as the company battles for FDA clearance for its booster doses, according to Reuters.

The study also found that the side effects after a third dose are the same as after a second dose. Common side effects include headache, lethargy, mild pain at the injection site, and fever.

The distribution of the booster vaccinations is expected to begin on September 20 pending final approval from the Food and Drug Administration and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The Biden government and vaccine manufacturers have indicated that there should be enough doses for any fully vaccinated adult aiming for a third dose.

Correction: This article has been updated to correct the timing of when a potential third dose of Covid could be administered. Five months after the full vaccination.

Categories
Science

Local weather Change Bingo – Watts Up With That?

Am thinking along the lines of it being the ‘other way round’
Along the lines of the much vaunted Polluter Pays principle – when said and done that what all this Climate Science is – pollution.

Media presenters would then be under an obligation NOT to mention CC, unless it was demonstrably provable that it did have a bearing on what they were talking about.

If it ‘just slipped out’, they personally would be required to compensate the viewers/readers who spotted it, recorded it or grabbed the screenshot..

Mmmm, yes, I like that. That one’s got legs, lets see it run.

Late thought:
As it is actually Real (what is called) Pollution in the form of NOx, SOx, Soot/Smoke, Farmland/City/Cement/Iron works, Traffic and Quarrying Dust that is causing the observed Global Greening – is it possible that the ‘pollution’ I’m referring to here has any, so far, unknown benefits?

It is such a big & magical world, plus, there is certainly ‘something‘ out there with an awesome & wicked sense of humour, I would not be surprised.

More research is called 4 metinks, watch this space
😀

Categories
Entertainment

Diddy encourages black males to purchase homes as an alternative of “ugly” Richard Mille watches

The Richard Mille watch is one of the most coveted symbols of success in the world, and while Diddy has some of his own in the manger, Diddy wants black men to invest their money in other ways.

In a series of stories about the gram, Diddy shared his thoughts on the recent trend of buying the Swiss luxury company’s watches, expressing that people are being “tricked” into wearing them.

“I’m in my pocket right now. I’m not a hater, I’m a fly shit connoisseur and I’m just telling you all, you’re all being tricked by the Richard Mille, ”he said.

Diddy went on to compare the watches to a cheaper brand called Timex, which can be found at local retailers like Walmart and Target. He even went so far as to say that Richard Milles are “ugly” right now.

“The Richard Mille is like a Timex or some shit,” he said. “Y’all, it’s not hot. It’s not hot. I have two or three, I never pull them out. You ugly. I don’t even want hate. I don’t even know Richard Mille, but fuck it. I’m on some black shit Black men, save your money and buy a house. “

Diddy’s comments only come on the heels of some of his colleagues who are bending their Richard Milles on the gram. James Harden and Yo Gotti featured their watches on their Instagram stories, and Drake recently gave one of the pieces to Young Thug for his 30th birthday. Nicki Minaj set the tone for the buzz a few weeks ago when she stepped out in her rare pink Richard Mille watch for $ 980,000.

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Categories
Sport

Das unwahrscheinlichste Crew von Tokio 2020, die Refugee Paralympians, wollen sich einen Namen machen

Zwei geflüchtete Athleten führten am Dienstag die Flaggenparade der Eröffnungsfeier der Paralympischen Spiele an und traten aus dem Tunnel in die Freude und das Pandämonium, das sich im Olympiastadion in Tokio entfaltete. In den Rekordbüchern werden sie als Teil des ersten organisierten paralympischen Flüchtlingsteams mit insgesamt sechs Athleten aus vier Ländern verzeichnet – Afghanistan, Burundi, Syrien und dem Iran. Lassen Sie die Geschichte auch erwähnen, dass ihre Reisen in die japanische Hauptstadt so bemerkenswert waren wie alle anderen bei diesen Spielen.

In Rio 2016 traten zwei Athleten als Teil des unabhängigen paralympischen Athletenteams an, nahmen als ein Flüchtling und ein Asylbewerber teil und wurden so gut wie namentlich das erste Flüchtlingsteam. Dieses Mal ist das Team jedoch auf sechs Mitglieder angewachsen, die in fünf Sportarten antreten, und wird als erster Flüchtlingstrupp seiner Art teilnehmen, der vollständig vom Internationalen Paralympischen Komitee (IPC) unterstützt wird.

Vor den Spielen sprach ESPN mit allen sechs Athleten des Flüchtlingsteams, um über ihre oft herzzerreißenden Reisen nach Tokio und die Motivation hinter ihrer unermüdlichen Belastbarkeit, Hoffnung und Ambition zu sprechen. Hier sind ihre Geschichten.

Perfektes Hakizimana – Taekwondo (K44 Klasse)

Parfait Hakizimana unterrichtet Kinder ab 6 Jahren an seiner Taekwondo-Schule im Mahama Refugee Camp in Ruanda. UNHCR/Anthony Karumba

Im Mahama Refugee Camp in Ruanda versammeln sich sechsmal in der Woche Horden von Kindern in weißen Taekwondo-Doboks auf dem sandigen Basketballplatz und schauen auf ihren Lehrer Parfait Hakizimana. Er trägt einen schwarzen Gürtel, den er sich vor seiner Flucht 2015 in seiner Heimat Burundi verdient hat.

Hakizimanas linker Arm ist durch eine schwere Schussverletzung, die er 1996 als Kind erlitten hatte, dauerhaft geschwächt, als die Gewalt des Bürgerkriegs in seinem Dorf Einzug hielt. Seine Mutter starb bei den Schießereien an diesem Tag, während sein verstorbener Vater den 7-jährigen Parfait ins Krankenhaus brachte, wo er sich zwei Jahre lang erholte. Hakizimana floh 20 Jahre später aus Burundi und fürchtete das gleiche Schicksal wie seine Mutter und wurde einer der ersten Siedler in Mahama, heute Ruandas größtem Flüchtlingslager. Im Jahr 2017 lebten hier 55.000 Menschen, davon 51% Kinder. “Sie müssen einen langen Weg zurücklegen, um zu Fuß zu gehen, Wasser zu finden und Ihre Familie zu ernähren”, sagt Hakizimana. “Es ist nicht einfach.” Er ist der einzige Athlet im Team, der noch in einem Flüchtlingslager lebt. Dort lebt er mit seiner Frau Irene und seiner einjährigen Tochter Brinka. „Gemeinsam mit meiner Taekwondo-Familie schaffe ich das“, sagt er.

Nach den Spielen und den hellen Neonlichtern von Tokio wird Hakizimana fast 12.000 km zurücklegen, um nach Mahama zurückzukehren. Er hofft, dies mit einer Medaille zu erreichen. “Es wird nicht nur den Kindern im Lager Freude bereiten, sondern auch allen Flüchtlingen, denn das ist unsere eigene Leistung”, sagt er.

Fernsehgeräte in den Gesundheitszentren des Camps werden Aufnahmen von Hakizimanas Wettbewerben abspielen, während der eingeschränkte Zugang zum Internet über die Gemeindebibliothek es seinen Freunden und Trainerkollegen ermöglicht, die Neuigkeiten über seine Heldentaten an die Schüler zu verbreiten. Vielleicht erhaschen sie einen Blick auf seine Leistung. Er träumt oft davon, eines Tages zu sehen, wie einer von ihnen in seine Fußstapfen tritt. “Viele der Kinder haben mir Nachrichten geschickt”, sagt Hakizimana. “Die meisten von ihnen sagten, sie beten dafür, dass ich gewinne.”

Parfait Hakizimana hat an mehreren in Afrika ansässigen Taekwondo-Wettbewerben teilgenommen und einmal 2017 Gold beim Botschafterpokal Ruandas gewonnen. UNHCR/Anthony Karumba

Alia Issa – Keulenwurf (Klasse F32)

Alia Issa wird die erste weibliche Geflüchtete sein, die an den Paralympischen Spielen teilnimmt, wenn sie in Tokio 2020 teilnimmt. Getty Images / Milos Bicanski

Alia Issa trägt eine goldene Weizenkette mit einem großen „M“-Anhänger, der unten für ihren Vater Mohament befestigt ist. Vor ihrer Geburt arbeitete er vier Jahre lang als Schneider in Athen, Griechenland, und schickte seiner Frau und seinen vier Kindern nach Syrien Geld zurück, bevor er sie auch herüberbringen konnte.

Issa wird die erste weibliche Geflüchtete sein, die bei den Paralympischen Spielen antritt, und zwar im Vereinswurf. Die Familie war der Schlüssel zu ihrer Reise nach Tokio. Sie waren für sie da, als sie als Vierjährige einen Hirnschaden erlitt, nachdem sie mit Pocken ins Krankenhaus eingeliefert worden war. Die Familie kam wieder zusammen, als bei ihrer älteren Schwester Krebs diagnostiziert wurde, den sie besiegte, bis noch schlimmere Nachrichten kamen: Bei Mohament wurde ein aggressiverer Krebs diagnostiziert. Er starb 2017. Issa war erst 16 Jahre alt. “Seit ich ihn verloren habe, denke ich jeden Tag an ihn”, sagt sie. Issa hat die Halskette Anfang des Jahres gekauft, um sie an ihren Vater zu erinnern.

Nach Mohaments Tod, der aufgrund des dortigen Konflikts keine Möglichkeit hatte, nach Syrien zurückzukehren, beantragte die Familie erfolgreich den Flüchtlingsstatus. Issa wurde kurz darauf mit dem Keulenwurf vertraut gemacht. Als sie sich schnell in den Sport verliebte, begann sie viermal pro Woche zu trainieren und nahm an den griechischen Nationalmeisterschaften und internationalen Wettbewerben teil. Aber es kommt noch mehr – bald, das weiß Issa, wird sie Paralympikerin.

“Wenn mein Vater noch am Leben wäre, wäre er ziemlich sicher sehr stolz”, sagt sie, die Initiale ihres Vaters baumelt neben ihrem Herzen von ihrem Hals.

Wenn Alia Issa bei Tokio 2020 antritt, wird sie an ihren verstorbenen Vater Mohament denken. Getty Images / Milos Bicanski

Abbas Karimi – Schwimmen (S5 Klasse)

Abbas Karimi hofft, als erster Flüchtling überhaupt eine Medaille bei Olympischen oder Paralympischen Spielen zu gewinnen. Getty Images / Michael Reaves

Als der halbpensionierte Highschool-Wrestling-Trainer Mike Ives 2015 in Portland ein Video von Abbas Karimi beim Schwimmen auf Facebook sah, sprang er in Aktion und schickte ihm eine Nachricht, um zu fragen, wie er helfen könnte. Karimi war mitten in einem dreijährigen Aufenthalt in vier verschiedenen Flüchtlingslagern in der Türkei. Früher unternahm er jeden Morgen eine einstündige Busfahrt aus dem Camp, um ein Schwimmbad zu erreichen, wo er trainierte, bevor er zum Mittagessen zurückkehrte. Karimi würde diese Reise jeden Nachmittag wiederholen. Erschöpft würde er die meisten der vier Stunden der angesammelten täglichen Busfahrten schlafen. “Ich habe es toleriert, weil ich wirklich ein Champion werden wollte”, sagt er.

Karimi, die 2013 aus Afghanistan in die Türkei geflohen war, wurde ohne Waffen geboren. Seit fast einem Jahrzehnt träumt er davon, die Paralympischen Spiele zu erreichen. Doch während dieser anstrengenden Tage in der Türkei schien es weiter weg zu sein denn je. Hier kommt Ives ins Spiel. Das Paar plauderte eine Weile über soziale Medien. “Er hat nie nach Geld gefragt, was selten vorkommt”, sagt Ives. “Er wollte nur jemanden zum Reden.” Der amerikanische Trainer schickte Briefe an das Büro der Vereinten Nationen im türkischen Ankara und bat sie, Karimi die Papiere auszuhändigen, die er für den internationalen Wettbewerb benötigt. Schließlich bot er Karimi an, mit ihm zu leben, was er vier Jahre lang tat. “Ich nenne ihn meinen amerikanischen Vater. Er ist alles für mich”, sagt Karimi. “Ohne ihn würde ich es hier nicht schaffen.”

Der 24-Jährige ist vielleicht die beste Mannschaft im Team, um eine Medaille zu gewinnen, die der erste Flüchtling bei Olympischen oder Paralympischen Spielen wäre, und niemand ist sich dieser Tatsache mehr bewusst als Karimi selbst. “Wenn ich gewinne, wenn ich gewinne, dann nicht nur für mich, sondern für die 82 Millionen Flüchtlinge oder Vertriebenen auf der ganzen Welt und 12 Millionen Flüchtlinge mit Behinderungen”, sagt er. “Es wird Hoffnung bringen.”

Abbas Karimi, der ohne Arme geboren wurde, nutzt einen Delfin-Kick, um sich durch das Wasser zu treiben. Getty Images / Michael Reaves

Ibrahim Al Hussein – Schwimmen (SB8, S9 Klasse)

Ibrahim Al Hussein sagte, er habe Anfang des Jahres ein Gelübde abgelegt, allen anderen Flüchtlingen seine Unterstützung anzubieten. Getty Images / Milos Bicanski

Ibrahim Al Hussein versucht, nicht an die Vergangenheit zu denken, doch was er durchgemacht hat, ist “unvergesslich”. Er braucht nur auf seine Beine zu blicken, um die Narben seiner Heimat zu sehen. Als sich 2012 der syrische Bürgerkrieg im ganzen Land ausbreitete, flohen seine Eltern und seine 13 Geschwister aus ihrer Heimatstadt Deir al-Zor in Sicherheit. Al Hussein blieb zurück. Was als nächstes kam, veränderte den Lauf seines Lebens: Al Hussein sah zu, wie sein Freund von einem Scharfschützen erschossen wurde; Er rannte los, um ihn zu retten, bevor eine Explosion ertönte, die ihn das rechte Bein kostete. “Er schrie: ‘Hilf mir, Ibrahim. Bitte hilf mir.’ Ich hatte keine andere Wahl, als ihm um jeden Preis zu helfen”, sagt er.

Al Hussein hatte immer den Anspruch, ein Spitzenschwimmer zu werden, genau wie sein Vater, der einst zwei Silbermedaillen bei den Asienmeisterschaften gewann. Er floh schließlich nach Griechenland und war kurz darauf wieder im Pool, um wieder an Wettkämpfen teilzunehmen. Ab diesem Zeitpunkt begann sich sein Leben zu ändern. Er wurde gebeten, die olympische Fackel von 2016 durch eine Flüchtlingsunterkunft zu tragen, nachdem er bei einem Schwimmwettbewerb gesichtet worden war. Die Nachricht von der Veranstaltung erreichte die IPC-Zentrale und Al Hussein wurde 10 Tage später gefragt, ob er als einer der beiden unabhängigen Athleten in Rio antreten wolle. Er nahm an und trug bei der Eröffnungsfeier stolz die Paralympische Flagge ins Maracana-Stadion.

Seine Mission seit 2016 ist die des Mitgefühls. Al Hussein hat in Athen eine Rollstuhlbasketballmannschaft für Flüchtlinge gegründet und steht in engem Kontakt mit Dutzenden anderer Flüchtlingssportler in ganz Europa. “Flüchtlinge haben die Ausdauer und die Fähigkeit, ihre Träume und Erfolge zu verwirklichen”, sagt er.

Ibrahim Al Hussein wird bei seinen zweiten Paralympischen Spielen antreten, nachdem er 2016 als unabhängiger Athlet an Rio 2016 teilgenommen hat. Getty Images / Milos Bicanski

Shahrad Nasajpour – Diskus (F37 Klasse)

Shahrad Nasajpour nimmt an seinen zweiten Paralympischen Spielen teil und hofft, seine Erfahrung nutzen zu können, um seinen vier neuen Teamkollegen zu helfen. Getty Images / Christian Petersen

Monate nach seiner Ankunft in San Francisco im Jahr 2015 als politischer Asylbewerber aus dem Iran griff Shahrad Nasajpour zum Telefon und schickte eine E-Mail an den IPC. Er hatte gehört, dass bei den Olympischen Spielen 2016 ein Flüchtlingsteam auftreten würde, eine Gruppe von Einzelpersonen, die beauftragt wurden, “eine Botschaft der Hoffnung zu senden”. Nasajpour, der mit Zerebralparese geboren wurde, fragte sich, wie lange es dauern würde, bis die Paralympics nachziehen würden. Als er keine Antwort erhielt, versuchte er immer wieder, die individuellen E-Mail-Adressen der IPC-Direktoren zu finden, aber schließlich wurde ihm mitgeteilt, dass es keine Pläne für ein paralympisches Flüchtlingsteam für die Spiele in Rio gebe. Aber als das IPC sah, wie Al Hussein in Athen die olympische Fackel trug, trieben sie die Idee voran und wussten genau, wen sie anrufen mussten, wenn sie einen anderen Athleten brauchten. Schließlich würde Nasajour ein Paralympianer werden.

Als er zur Eröffnungszeremonie das Maracana-Stadion betrat, dachte er an die Reise, die er hinter sich hatte: die langen, manchmal ziellosen Spaziergänge durch unbekannte amerikanische Städte, die Einsamkeit, die versuchten, mit gebrochenem Englisch auszukommen. In Tokio will er diese Erfahrung nutzen, um seinen Teamkollegen zu helfen. „Wir sprechen verschiedene Sprachen und haben verschiedene Kulturen“, sagt er. “Aber wir werden eine starke Beziehung haben.”

Shahrad Nasajpour trainiert jetzt in Arizona, um auf seiner Leistung in Rio 2016 aufzubauen. Getty Images / Christian Petersen

Anas Al Khalifa – Paracanoe (KL1, VL2 Klasse)

Anas Al Khalifa wurde gelähmt, nachdem er im Dezember 2018 in Halle von einem Dach gestürzt war. Ein Kanu, sagt er, habe ihm geholfen, seine Lebensgeister wiederzubeleben. Getty Images / Reinaldo

Anas Al Khalifa träumte bis vor kurzem nicht davon, in Tokio anzutreten. Zweieinhalb Jahre ist es her, dass er bei der Installation von Solarpaneelen von einem Dach in Halle, Deutschland, gestürzt ist, ein Job, der es ihm ermöglichte, seiner Familie (seinen Eltern und seinem einzigen Bruder) in Syrien Geld nach Hause zu schicken. Er hatte die Hölle überstanden, als er das europäische Land überhaupt erreichte, die tückische Reise von einem syrischen Flüchtlingslager zuerst in die Türkei, dann nach Griechenland und schließlich nach Deutschland zurücklegte, per Anhalter unterwegs war, in Züge aufsprang und lange Nächte im Wald verbrachte. “Die Reise des Todes”, nennt es Al Khalifa.

Als der Unfall passierte, konnte er es nicht ertragen, es seinen Eltern zu sagen. Er erzählte seinem Bruder Abdu Almalik nur, dass er von der Hüfte abwärts gelähmt und nun an einen Rollstuhl gefesselt sei. Al Khalifa verliebte sich in das Paracanoing, als er von einem Freund seines Physiotherapeuten dazu gebracht wurde. Er stürzte sich in den Sport. Seine Trainerin, die ehemalige bulgarische Meisterin Ognyana Dusheva, war beeindruckt, als er das erste Mal ins eiskalte Wasser fiel und versprach, am nächsten Tag wieder zum Training zurückzukehren.

Al Khalifas Eltern riefen im Dezember an, um eine ernste Nachricht zu überbringen: Sein Bruder war bei einem Gefecht getötet worden, obwohl er verzweifelt versuchte, den Krieg zu vermeiden. Al Khalifa versuchte, mit dem Paracano aufzuhören, als es ihm gesagt wurde. Er hätte es auch getan, wenn Dusheva nicht darauf bestanden hätte. Damals erzählte er seinen Eltern von seiner Verletzung, richtete seinen Fokus wieder auf die Paralympischen Spiele und stärkte seine Motivation angesichts der Trauer.

“Meine Botschaft an die Welt und an mich selbst ist, dass man, solange man einen Traum hat, für das Ergebnis kämpfen muss”, sagt er. “Du kannst es tun, solange du an dich selbst glaubst.”

Categories
Science

NASA will ship two extra missions to Mars in 2024, costing solely $ 80 million

One of the greatest ongoing changes in space exploration is the introduction of commercial methods in the field. Commercial launchers like RocketLab and SpaceX have fundamentally changed the way the industry does business. Now the researchers are applying their “Move Fast and Break Things” approach to another part of the industry – the actual mission design.

One of three missions that attempt to reduce the cost of launching a mission by a factor of ten is led by researchers from UC Berkeley. Known as Escape and Plasma Acceleration and Dynamics Explorers (ESCAPADE), the mission will consist of twin satellites known as “Blue” and “Gold” after the colors of UC Berkeley. Your main job will be to monitor Mars, look for its atmosphere and how the planet is affected by the solar wind. One of the most fascinating things about the project is that it should only cost about $ 80 million from launch to data collection in Mars orbit.

Visualization of the focus of ESCAPADE science. Hot ionized plasma (green and yellow) and magnetic fields (blue lines).
Credit – UC Berkeley & Robert Lillis

Various factors enable such a dramatic drop in price from the $ 800 million that such a mission would normally cost using traditional satellite development methods. A great cost saving is the high risk tolerance. Dr. Robert Lillis, deputy director of the Space Sciences Laboratory at UC Berkeley, puts it plaintively: “Instead of spending $ 800 million on a 95 percent chance of success, can we spend $ 80 million on an 80 percent chance?”

Such risk tolerance has been rare in the space industry in the past. Still, adoption has slowly increased as SpaceX and its competitors literally blow through prototype rocket on a regular basis. One of these competitors is RocketLab, which has started working with the ESCAPADE team to further develop the program.

Rocket Lab’s prototype electron rocket launches from the company’s Launch Complex 1 in New Zealand.
Photo credit: rocketlabusa.com

All this different thinking has already caused some problems in the development of ESCAPADE, even up to this point. NASA’s Small Innovative Missions for Planetary Exploration (SIMPLEx) program funded previous work on the project. It had already received $ 8.3 million in funding to start preliminary development. Its original launch partner (Psyche) was moved to another launcher, so there was no room for ESCAPADE.

This is where RocketLab came in. Its Photon launch platform can send the satellites into a different orbit than originally intended, but it’s still the right type of orbit to help achieve its mission objectives. The mission instruments also had to be adapted to the new launcher, but still perform the same general functions.

UT video about the atmosphere of Mars.

However, it will take some time before the final drafts are ready. There are currently plans to launch Blue and Gold on a photon in 2024, with the data coming back from the satellites starting in 2026. That’s still a much longer time than the rapid prototype development cycles in Silicon Valley or Shenzhen, but it also takes time to explain how massive the solar system really is.

Learn more:
UC Berkeley – “Blue” and “Gold” satellites will fly to Mars in 2024
NASA – NASA ESCAPADE mission – Mars twin orbiter – moving towards takeoff
RocketLab – Rocket Lab spacecraft for Mars confirmed as NASA gives the green light for the small satellite interplanetary mission ESCAPADE
DailyCal.com – NASA Approves Key Funding for UC Berkeley Satellite Mission to Mars

Mission statement:
Artist’s impression of the ESCAPADE satellite.
Credit – Rocket Lab

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Sport

Actual Madrid return with $212M Kylian Mbappe bid as PSG star’s switch grows nearer

Real Madrid have made a second bid for PSG star Kylian Mbappe and are optimistic their offer of €170 million (£146 million/$200 million) plus €10m (£9 million/$12 million) in add-ons will be enough to land the forward, Goal can confirm.

The Blancos made an opening bid of  €160m (£137 million/$188 million) earlier this week, which was rejected by PSG.

But after increasing their bid, the Spanish giants are growing increasingly confident they will be able to close a deal for the 22-year-old superstar.

The state of negotiations

Mbappe, whose contract expires at the end of the current season, has turned down no fewer than six contract renewal offers from PSG.

The forward has made it clear that his dream is to join Madrid and is willing to do what it takes to make the move happen. 

PSG sporting director Leonardo admitted this week that Mbappe wants to leave the club, but he hit out at Madrid for what he called “illegal” conduct in contacting the forward.

“In terms of our position on Real, it seems like a strategy to try to get a no from us, to show that they have tried everything and to wait for a year to get him for free,” Leonardo told RMC Sport.

“For the last two years, Real Madrid have been behaving like this, it is not correct, illegal even, because they contacted the player. It is unacceptable for us, because it is not correct.”

PSG have demanded up to €220m (£189million/$259 million) for Mbappe, but Madrid are firm in their stance that they will not pay that amount.

Goal understands that PSG head coach Mauricio Pochettino, along with the club’s dressing room, have accepted that Mbappe will likely leave.

Mbappe at PSG

The 22-year-old has developed into one of the world’s best players after joining PSG from Monaco in 2017.

Mbappe has led Ligue 1 in scoring the past three seasons and has been named the division’s player of the year in two of those campaigns.

After Lionel Messi’s arrival, it looked like Messi, Mbappe and Neymar would form one of the strongest forward lines of all time but it now appears that dream is set to elude the Parisians. 

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Health

Vaccine inequality may value the worldwide economic system trillions: Report

A woman reacts as she gets inoculated with a dose of the Covishield vaccine against Covid-19 at a vaccination center in Mumbai on August 12, 2021.

PUNIT PARANJPE | AFP | Getty Images

The world economy is set to lose trillions in GDP because of delayed vaccination timelines, with developing economies bearing most of the losses due to the uneven rollout, the Economist Intelligence Unit said in a report.

Countries that are not able to inoculate 60% of their population by mid-2022 will lose $2.3 trillion between 2022 and 2025, the EIU predicted.

“Emerging countries will shoulder around two-thirds of these losses, further delaying their economic convergence with more developed countries,” wrote Agathe Demarais, the EIU’s global forecasting director.

There is little chance that the divide over access to vaccines will ever be bridged.

Agathe Demarais

Economist Intelligence Unit global forecasting director

Asia will be “by far the most severely affected continent” in absolute terms, with losses projected to reach $1.7 trillion, or 1.3% of the region’s forecasted GDP. Countries in sub-Saharan Africa will lose around 3% of their forecasted GDP, the highest in percentage terms, according to the report.

“These estimates are striking but they only partially capture missed economic opportunities, especially in the long term,” the EIU said, noting that the pandemic’s effect on education was not taken into account in this forecast. Richer countries pivoted to remote learning during lockdowns, but many in the developing world did not have that option.

More than 213 million people have been infected with Covid-19, and at least 4.4 million have died during the pandemic, data compiled by Johns Hopkins University showed.

Rich-poor divide

Wealthy nations are pulling far ahead in their Covid inoculation rates, moving toward booster doses and reopening their economies, while poorer countries are lagging drastically behind in the race to get vaccinated.

Around 5 billion doses of the vaccine have been administered globally as of Aug. 23, but only 15.02 million of those doses were in low-income countries, according to Our World in Data.

“Vaccination campaigns are progressing at a glacial pace in lower-income economies,” the EIU report said.

The report said vaccine inequity emerged because of a global shortage of production capacity and vaccine raw materials, logistical difficulties in transporting and storing the vaccines, and hesitancy because of mistrust of the shots.

Many developing countries also cannot afford the vaccines for their residents and looked to donations from richer countries, but global initiatives have not been entirely successful in supplying shots to those who need it.

“There is little chance that the divide over access to vaccines will ever be bridged,” the EIU’s Demarais said in a statement. COVAX, the WHO-sponsored initiative to ship vaccines to emerging economies, has failed to live up to (modest) expectations.”

“Despite flattering press releases and generous promises, donations from rich countries have also covered only a fraction of requirements—and, often, they are not even delivered,” she wrote.

Covax aimed to deliver around 2 billion doses of vaccine this year, but has only shipped 217 million doses so far, according to UNICEF’s tracker.

Some of the supplies went to developed countries such as the U.K., Canada, Australia and New Zealand, the Associated Press reported.

Impact of inequity

Poorer countries are likely to recover from the pandemic more slowly, especially if restrictions need to be reimposed because of lower vaccination rates, the EIU said.

Tourists may also avoid countries with large unvaccinated populations due to safety concerns, while political resentment will likely grow, the report said. Residents could be unhappy that their local governments were unable to provide vaccines, and see richer states as hoarders of the shots.

“Bouts of social unrest are highly likely in the coming months and years,” Demarais wrote.

Additionally, the virus situation continues to evolve, with herd immunity likely out of reach because of the highly transmissible delta variant, and vaccination seeking “more modestly” to reduce severe cases, hospitalizations and deaths, the report said.

Political leaders were busy responding to short-term emergencies such as rapid accelerations in infection rates, but now need to design a longer-term strategy, Demarais wrote.

“Here, again, the rich-poor contrast will be stark: vaccinated, richer states will have choices, while unvaccinated, poorer ones will not,” she said.

Categories
Entertainment

Margot Robbie is nearly indistinguishable from Babylon as a redhead

Margot Robbie re-engages in a historic play about Hollywood, and this project may require an even more dramatic transformation than her last.

The 31-year-old actress is part of the star cast of the highly anticipated film Babylon, which is currently in production. She surely caught the eye on Sunday, August 22nd when she was photographed getting out of a car on the set of the film in Los Angeles.

As seen in the photo below, Margot rocked red hair and a long black robe over a red dress, accompanied by black stilettos. She was also caught sipping a drink from a straw.

The actress, who received an Oscar nomination for Bombshell, is part of a high-profile ensemble that also includes Brad Pitt, Olivia Wilde and Tobey Maguire, with Tobey marking his first live-action film role since 2014, Pawn Sacrifice. Babylon is written and directed by La La Land’s Damien Chazelle and is set in the midst of Hollywood’s transition from the silent movie era to that of the “talkies”.

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Science

Lawrence Livermore claims that the combustion of nuclear fusion is sort of balanced – cotton wool with that?

Guest contribution by Eric Worrall

Inertial confinement fusion researchers have claimed that experimental nuclear fusion combustion was close to break-even, where the energy generated by the fusion reaction was comparable to the energy injected to initiate the combustion.

National Ignition Facility experiment puts researchers on the threshold of fusion ignition

On August 8, 2021, an experiment at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) made a significant step towards ignition. Achieve a yield greater than 1.3 megajoules (MJ). This advancement brings researchers to the threshold of fusion ignition, a key goal of the NIF, and opens up access to a new experimental regime.

The experiment was made possible by focusing laser light from NIF – the size of three soccer fields – onto a target the size of a BB that creates a hotspot the diameter of a human hair and generates more than 10 quadrillion watts of fusion power for 100 trillionths of a second .

“These exceptional results from NIF advance the science that NNSA relies on to modernize our nuclear weapons and manufacturing and to open new avenues of research,” said Jill Hruby, DOE Undersecretary for Nuclear Safety and NNSA Administrator.

The central task of NIF is to provide experimental knowledge and data for the science-based Stockpile Stewardship program of the NNSA. Fusion ignition experiments are an important part of this effort. They provide data on an important experimental regime that is extremely difficult to access, expand our understanding of the basic processes of fusion ignition and combustion, and improve our simulation tools to aid inventory management. Fusion ignition is also an important gateway to achieving high fusion yields in the future.

“This result marks a historic advance in inertial confinement fusion research and opens up a fundamentally new regime for the exploration and advancement of our critical national security missions. It is also a testament to the innovation, ingenuity, dedication and courage of this team and the many researchers in the field over the decades who have steadfastly pursued this goal, ”said Kim Budil, Director of the LLNL. “To me, it shows one of the most important roles the National Labs play – our relentless commitment to address the greatest and most important scientific challenges and to find solutions where the obstacles might keep others away.”

While a full scientific interpretation of these results will be provided through the peer-reviewed journal / conference process, the initial analysis shows an 8-fold improvement over the experiments conducted in Spring 2021 and a 25-fold increase over the record yield from NIF in 2018.

“Experimental access to thermonuclear combustion in the laboratory is the culmination of decades of scientific and technological work spanning nearly 50 years,” said Thomas Mason, Los Alamos National Laboratory Director. “This enables experiments that test theory and simulation in the area of ​​high energy density more rigorously than ever before and enable fundamental achievements in applied science and technology.”

The experiment built on several advances gained from knowledge the NIF team had developed over the past few years, including new diagnostics; Improvements to target manufacturing in the cavity, capsule shell, and fill tube; improved laser precision; and design changes to increase the energy coupled to the implosion and the compression of the implosion.

“This significant advance has only been made possible through the continued support, dedication and hard work of a very large team over many decades, including those who contribute to the efforts of the LLNL, industrial and academic partners, and our staff at Los Alamos National Laboratory and Sandia have supported National Laboratories, the Laboratory for Laser Energetics and General Atomics at the University of Rochester, ”said Mark Herrmann, LLNL associate program director for Fundamental Weapons Physics. “This result builds on the work and achievements of the entire team, including the people who have followed inertial fusion since the early days of our lab. They too should share in the enthusiasm for this success. “

Looking ahead, access to this new experimental system will inspire new avenues for research and the opportunity to compare modeling used to understand proximity to ignition. Retry plans are well underway, although it will take several months to complete.

Source: https://www.llnl.gov/news/national-ignition-facility-experiment-puts-researchers-threshold-fusion-ignition

I find inertial confinement fusion exciting because it is in principle possible to reduce inertial confinement to an affordable size, unlike magnetic confinement fusion.

The gigantic international magnetic confinement ITER tokamak currently being built in France represents a kind of brute force approach to viable nuclear fusion. The heat generated by a nuclear fusion reaction depends on the volume of the plasma, while the heat loss depends on the surface. The simple geometry dictates that if you make the volume of plasma really large, the heat generated by such a large volume of the melting plasma is more likely to overcome the surface losses, resulting in a self-sustaining fusion reaction.

My concern with this magnetic containment approach is that even if ITER is successful, the sheer size and cost of the precision engineered reactor vessel will be a significant barrier to adoption. Fusion reactors, each costing $ 50 billion and taking decades to build, are unlikely to make a significant contribution to the global energy mix as long as cheaper options are available.

There is also a real danger that after all of these billions of dollars in spending and thousands of years of effort, the most expensive components of ITER will simply crumble under the radiation explosion of an ongoing fusion fire. Deuterium-tritium fusion creates a blizzard of hot neutrons that are more than capable of causing physical structural damage to anything near the plasma. The search for building materials that can survive such a hostile environment without crumbling to dust is ongoing.

The break-even burn facility at Lawrence Livermore is large, but much cheaper than the ITER facility.

Lawrence Livermore still has a long way to go to prove that inertial confinement is a viable way of connecting an operational nuclear fusion reactor to the national grid. Although the energy produced was comparable to the energy used to initiate the combustion, the lasers that used that energy are not 100% efficient. The total energy expended to conduct the experiment probably far exceeded the fusion yield.

An inertial confinement fusion generator would economically have to perform thousands of burns per day rather than a single exciting experimental burn. And, of course, we still don’t know how much a net energy producing inertial confinement fusion reactor would cost even if such a thing were possible.

Correction (EW): h / t Eric Lerner, corrected the link and the story – I accidentally copied into an old story.

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