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Sport

WWE Survivor Sequence: Conflict Video games — Stay outcomes and evaluation

Nov 25, 2023, 07:10 PM ET

The final pay-per-view on the WWE calendar will take place this Saturday night in Chicago.

Survivor Series War Games (Saturday, 8 p.m. ET on Peacock) will bridge the the iconic endcap PPV with a callback to a WCW staple with a double-cage match for two marquee bouts on the card. On the women’s side, Bianca Belair will team up with Charlotte Flair, Shotzi and Becky Lynch to face off against Bayley, Iyo Sky, Kairi Sane and Asuka.

On the men’s side, The Judgment Day stable of Damian Priest, Finn Bálor, “Dirty” Dominik Mysterio and JD McDonagh will be joined by Drew McIntyre as they take on Cody Rhodes, Seth “Freakin” Rollins, Jey Uso, Sami Zayn and the returning Randy Orton.

Also, two titles will be on the line, as Rhea Ripley will put her WWE SmackDown Women’s Championship on the line against Zoey Stark and Gunther defends his Intercontinental championship against The Miz.

ESPN’s professional wrestling correspondents Marc Raimondi and Eddie Maisonet break down all of Saturday’s action in Chicago.

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Science

Darkish Matter May Assist Remedy the Last Parsec Downside of Black Holes

When galaxies collide, their supermassive black holes enter into a gravitational dance, gradually orbiting each other ever closer until eventually…merging. We know they merge because we see the gravitational beasts that result, and we have detected the gravitational waves they emit as they inspiral. But the details of their final consummation remain a mystery. Now a new paper suggests part of that mystery can be solved with a bit of dark matter.

Just as the famous three-body problem has no general analytical solution for Newtonian gravity, the two-body problem has no general solution in general relativity. So, we have to resort to computer simulations to model how black holes orbit each other and eventually merge. For binary black holes that are relatively widely separated, our simulations work really well, but when black holes are close to each other things get complicated. Einstein’s equations are very nonlinear, and modeling the dynamics of strongly interacting black holes is difficult.

As a result, the simulations we do have don’t show the black holes merging. Instead, they inspiral until they are about a parsec apart, then stabilize. This is known as the final parsec problem. One idea to solve the problem is to introduce dark matter into the mix. After all, cold dark matter is nearly everywhere according to the standard cosmological model, so it likely plays a role in the mergers of supermassive black holes. But so far it seems cold dark matter isn’t the answer. Simulations using it have the same final parsec problem as general relativity alone.

How fuzzy dark matter can increase inspiralling. Credit: Koo, et al

In this new study, the team considers a variation on dark matter known as fuzzy dark matter. It’s similar to standard cold dark matter except it is made of low-mass scalar particles. Since these particles wouldn’t interact with each other by anything other than gravity, they wouldn’t clump in quite the same way as regular dark matter, and thus have a more “fuzzy” distribution.

Fuzzy dark matter was first proposed to address what is known as the cusp problem of dwarf galaxies, which is a weak point for dark matter. Here the authors show that fuzzy dark matter can increase the rate of orbital decay for black holes, particularly the largest of supermassive black holes. It could explain some of the monsters we’ve observed at the heart of some elliptical galaxies.

But the work doesn’t prove fuzzy dark matter is the solution. The details of the final stage of inspiralling black holes are still, shall we say, a bit fuzzy. It will take direct observations of supermassive black holes to either prove or rule out the idea. Fortunately, future NANOGrav observations, or those of the planned LISA gravitational wave observatory should be able to see such mergers. Then our understanding of how the largest black holes in the cosmos merge won’t be quite so fuzzy.

Reference: Koo, Hyeonmo, et al. “Final parsec problem of black hole mergers and ultralight dark matter.” arXiv preprint arXiv:2311.03412 (2023).

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Entertainment

Rep For Jim Carrey Addresses ‘Grinch’ Sequel Rumors

Twenty-three years ago, Jim Carrey gave an iconic performance as the Grinch. This week, folks online have been speculating a part two to the Christmas classic.

But the How The Grinch Stole Christmas actor is shutting those talks down. According to PEOPLE, a rep for Jim Carrey says he won’t be returning to the Whoville world in the near future.

“There is no truth to Jim reprising his role as the Grinch in a sequel toThe Grinch,” the rep told PEOPLE.

Talks of Carrey going green-face again began amid reports from outlets like The Daily Mail. On Nov. 21, DM cited Giant Freaking Robot as the source for the sequel news. GFR’s website lists the story as an “exclusive” published 10 months ago using “trusted and proven sources.”

Meanwhile, a spokesperson for Universal Pictures — the studio behind the 2000 film — has not responded to a request for comment from PEOPLE. So, whether part two is on its way or not remains unclear.

For those who don’t know, the film was based on a book by children’s author Dr. Seuss’s and published in 1957.

Jim Carrey Revealed Plans To Retire Last Year

It’s not too much of a surprise that Jim Carrey doesn’t have filming Grinch on his schedule. For one, the actor is not a fan of sequels. This is a sentiment he reportedly expressed to CinemaBlend in 2017.

“I find sequels are a function of commerce for the most part. At least the two I’ve done, they were characters I enjoyed doing, but I did find myself almost parroting myself at that point. When you put 10 years between you and the last time you did it, suddenly you’re going, ‘How did I do that again?’… So, you’re imitating your original inspiration. It was super fun with Jeff, but I’m not a crazy sequel guy.”

Last year, Jim Carrey broke his own rule when he reprised his role as Doctor Eggman in Sonic the Hedgehog 2. However, he also told Access Hollywood he’s “probably” retiring from acting and is “fairly serious” about it — unless a ‘golden script’ lands in his lap.

“It depends,” Jim said. “If the angels bring some sort of script that’s written in gold ink, that says to me that it’s going to be really important for people to see, I might continue down the road. But I’m taking a break.”

Peep his full comments below.

As for us Grinch fans, it looks like we’ll have to settle for the animated version, Dr. Seuss’ The Grinch, Illumination and Universal Studios delivered in 2018!

RELATED: Sean Tuohy Reacts After ‘Blind Side’ Movie Subject, Michael Oher, Alleges Tuohys Tricked Him Into Conservatorship
Categories
Health

China says no new pathogens detected amid surge in respiratory diseases

Crowd gathers during China’s Lunar New Year celebrations.

Nurphoto | Getty Images

Chinese authorities reportedly called for vigilance Friday as a spike in respiratory illness continues to pile pressure on health care facilities in the north of the country, despite assurances that no “unusual or novel pathogens” have been detected.

The World Health Organization said Thursday that Beijing had responded to its request for data following reports of “clusters of undiagnosed pneumonia in children’s hospitals in Beijing, Liaoning and other places in China.” Chinese health authorities said no changes in disease presentation had been reported, according to the WHO.

China has been facing a surge in respiratory infections such as influenza and clusters of pneumonia among children, with hospitals particularly in northern China reporting that they are “overwhelmed” with patients.

The WHO said that the surge was likely linked to the lifting of Covid-19 restrictions as China experiences its first full winter season since declaring an end to the pandemic in December.

The U.N. health body said that current data suggests that the pathogens are currently behaving in typical ways that are treatable with existing antibiotics, but added that China should reinforce measures to limit the spread of the disease including via vaccines and mask-wearing.

It also said it does not recommend any specific measures for travelers to China and advised against the application of any travel or trade restrictions at this time.

China’s State Council said in an update Friday that influenza cases, which have surged since October, would likely peak this winter and spring, according to Reuters. However, it added that pneumonia infections, which have been rising since May, could persist further into the future.

It said that local authorities should “strengthen information reporting on infectious diseases to ensure information is reported in a timely and accurate manner.”

Both China and the WHO have come under scrutiny over their reporting of the earliest Covid-19 cases in 2020.

The WHO said that it will continue to monitor the current outbreak in China and that it is working with international partners to assess the emerging information.

The U.K. Health Security Agency said in a statement Friday that it was important to “keep an open mind” about new outbreaks.

It follows a surge in Strep A infections among children in the U.K. in 2022, which the health agency attributed to a change in social mixing patterns.

Categories
Sport

49ers proceed dominance of Seahawks behind Christian McCaffrey

  • Nick Wagoner, ESPN Staff WriterNov 24, 2023, 02:27 AM ET

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      Nick Wagoner is an NFL reporter at ESPN. Nick has covered the San Francisco 49ers and the NFL at ESPN since 2016, having previously covered the St. Louis Rams for 12 years, including three years (2013 to 2015) at ESPN. In his 10 years with the company, Nick has led ESPN’s coverage of the Niners’ 2019 Super Bowl run, Colin Kaepernick’s protest, the Rams making Michael Sam the first openly gay player drafted to the NFL, Sam’s subsequent pursuit of a roster spot and the team’s relocation and stadium saga. You can follow Nick via Twitter @nwagoner

SEATTLE — San Francisco 49ers running back Christian McCaffrey had just etched his name into the franchise record books once again and his team had done the same with a landmark victory in Seattle against the rival Seahawks.

But the thing most on McCaffrey’s mind after setting the franchise record for rushing touchdowns in a season and his team throttling Seattle 31-13 on Thursday night was the postgame meal he got to enjoy on Lumen Field with his teammates.

“That was awesome,” McCaffrey said. “It was actually really good turkey, too. I have no idea how they kept all of the dishes hot … but the turkey was really good, well cooked. It wasn’t dry at all and like I said, still hot, which was impressive for being 20 minutes after the game.”

For as impressive as hot turkey might have been for McCaffrey and six of his teammates, what they did Thursday night shined even brighter as they took control of the NFC West division.

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For starters, the Niners seem to have finally broken the spell the Seahawks have had over them for the better part of the past decade-plus. Including Thursday night’s win, this is the second consecutive year the Niners beat the Seahawks in Seattle, something the team had never done in franchise history. The 18-point margin of victory was their largest in a game at Seattle since a 31-point win in 1988.

It was also San Francisco’s 10th consecutive win in the NFC West division and fourth straight (including playoffs) against a Seahawks team that had won 17 of the previous 21 meetings dating to 2012.

For Niners fans with long memories, perhaps the most painstaking came in 2014 when the Seahawks dined on turkey at midfield of the just-opened Levi’s Stadium. Although the Niners don’t have many players who have suffered through those past defeats to Seattle, it’s not lost on them what it means to finally exorcise some of those demons.

“A win against that team, they play us so hard every single time we play ’em,” linebacker Fred Warner said. “A win regardless of the score, I feel like is really big for us. And it’s in the division, on the road in a big-time situation.”

It’s no coincidence that McCaffrey’s arrival in San Francisco has aligned with San Francisco’s sudden dominance against the Seahawks. McCaffrey has played a key role in three of those four wins and put his stamp on Thursday’s game before chowing down postgame.

McCaffrey finished Thursday’s game with 114 yards on 19 carries with two touchdowns, adding another 25 yards on five receptions. It was the second touchdown that will lead the highlight reel coach Kyle Shanahan shows his team during film review next week.

On first-and-goal at Seattle’s 8 with 5:19 left in the first half, McCaffrey took a pitch to the left and looked to cut it inside. A wall of humanity blocked his path to the end zone as McCaffrey patiently waited for a sliver of room to run. When it finally (barely) opened, he squeezed through the tiniest of holes, made a pair of tacklers miss and then carried multiple defenders into the end zone for the 8-yard score.

Christian McCaffrey etched his name into the franchise record books once again, then chowed down on some surprisingly hot turkey after the 49ers beat the rival Seahawks in Seattle to take control of the NFC West. Steph Chambers/Getty Images

It was McCaffrey’s 11th rushing touchdown of the season, the most by a Niner in a season in franchise history, surpassing six others previously tied at 10. It was also McCaffrey’s league-leading 16th total touchdown on the season, joining Jerry Rice and Terrell Owens as the only 49ers ever to hit that many in a year.

“It was awesome,” Shanahan said. “I didn’t think it was going to be there … They didn’t look like calls that should have scored but he made it come to life.”

McCaffrey has 29 touchdowns from scrimmage since joining the Niners in October of last season. Only Chicago’s Gale Sayers (31) and the Eagles’ Steve Van Buren (30) have scored more in their first 25 games (including playoffs) with a new team in NFL history.

“He’s a dog,” quarterback Brock Purdy said. “You just never know when he’s going to keep going or get out of something. For him to do that doesn’t really surprise me. But at the same time, I look up to that kind of stuff. It gives us a spark and energy to the offense when we need it most.”

The 49ers figure to need plenty more of it in the coming weeks. At 8-3, they sit two games clear of the Seahawks in the NFC West with the tiebreaker in hand. The teams meet again at Levi’s Stadium on Dec. 10, and there’s a scenario in which the 49ers could wrap up the division crown that day.

Before they can get to all of that, they now get a short break to recover and prepare for a much-anticipated NFC Championship Game rematch with the Eagles in Philadelphia on Dec. 3.

But nobody was quite ready to talk about that showdown after Thursday’s win. After all, there was still turkey to eat and a victory against an old rival to celebrate.

“That was a moment I’ll remember forever,” Warner said. “Going into this game, I obviously wanted us to win because you don’t get to eat turkey if you lose on their field.”

Categories
Science

Biden Admin Getting ready to Finalize Barrage of Methane Rules • Watts Up With That?

From The Daily Caller

NICK POPE
CONTRIBUTOR

The Biden administration is gearing up to finalize a host of emissions rules and regulations in the coming months, E&E News reported Wednesday.

The rules and regulations are all focused on methane, a greenhouse gas that is more potent, but dissipates more quickly, than carbon dioxide, and align with the administration’s commitment to attacking climate change with a “whole-of-government” response. The Biden administration is aiming to finalize the slew of methane regulations in the coming months ahead of the 2024 election, which would make the rules more difficult for a potential Republican administration to scrap should President Joe Biden lose, according to E&E News.

The White House is reviewing an Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) final rule that would cut methane emissions from oil and gas production, refining, transport and storage, according to E&E News. The rule could be finalized on Dec. 2, when the U.S. hosts a methane summit with China and the United Arab Emirates at the upcoming United Nations climate conference. (RELATED: ‘Outrageous’: EPA Agents Are Flying Helicopters Over Texas Oil Fields To Crack Down On Methane Emissions From Drilling)

‘America Is Back’: Biden Unveils Sweeping Oil, Gas Regulations That Would Cut Methane Emissions By 41 Million Tons https://t.co/UqyZx7r1im

— Daily Caller (@DailyCaller) November 2, 2021

The Biden administration and China committed to working together to control methane emissions last week, though the Chinese climate envoy has balked at calls to ditch fossil fuels and the country permitted an average of two new coal plants each week in 2022, according to the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air.

The EPA is also looking to finalize regulations for power plant and vehicle emissions in the coming months, according to E&E News. A separate EPA methane tax regulation from the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA), Biden’s signature climate bill, is currently under White House review and due to become finalized early in 2024. The rule will be based on updated and more aggressive reporting standards.

Meanwhile, the administration is working with the European Union and other countries to craft new international standards to give low-methane natural gas privileged access to the European market, according to E&E News. While work on these standards is underway, it is unclear when they will become final.

The Department of Transportation (DOT) is working on a rule for pipelines for methane leak detection and repairs, according to E&E News. The agency had signaled that it would unveil the final rule in July, but it has not come out yet. The American Gas Association slammed the proposal as an example of “overreach” that sets “highly unrealistic” compliance timelines when the agency unveiled it in August.

The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) is also crafting a methane rule focused on leaks from oil and gas production on federal lands, according to E&E News. The final rule was supposed to be unveiled in September, but the White House has not yet reviewed it.

The Treasury Department is also working on tax credit eligibility guidelines for “green hydrogen” projects, according to E&E News. The guidelines for the sizable tax credits, made available for the IRA, will set the threshold for acceptable levels of upstream methane leaks from gas used to produce the hydrogen.

The White House, the EPA, the DOT, the Treasury Department and the BLM did not respond immediately to requests for comment.

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Technology

Europe’s Ariane 6 rocket is ‘able to rumble’ following full gown rehearsal

The European Space Agency’s next-generation heavy-lift rocket Ariane 6 successfully completed a full dress rehearsal on Thursday, in preparation for its maiden flight next year.

The so-called hot-fire test at Europe’s Spaceport in French Guiana “simulated a complete launch sequence and thus validated the entire flight phase of Ariane 6’s core stage,” said the agency.  

During the rehearsal, the rocket engine was ignited while securely mounted to a test stand or test platform. The term ‘hot-fire’ refers to the fact that the engine is fired with its propellants, producing actual combustion and exhaust. The only difference from an actual launch was that the boosters were not ignited — leaving Ariane 6 firmly planted on the launch pad. 

“The teams from ArianeGroup, CNES and ESA have now run through every step of the rocket’s flight without it leaving Earth,” explained ESA director general Josef Aschbacher, who declared success means “We are back on track towards resecuring Europe’s autonomous access to space.”

Ariane 6 was first scheduled to launch four years ago. However, the rocket has suffered a series of delays, attributed to technical issues, COVID-19, and design changes. The rocket’s previous hot-fire test, in June, ended in failure. 

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With its Ariane 6’s predecessor, Ariane 5, officially decommissioned and Italy’s Vega C rocket grounded following launch failure in December, Europe is now without independent access to space satellites. 

Until Ariane 6 gets up and running, the EU is forced to contract the work to Elon Musk’s SpaceX — the company’s Falcon rocket is the only viable alternative for hauling large satellites into orbit. 

Despite its setbacks, Ariane 6 has a number of institutional launches to carry out, not just for the ESA. It has been attracting commercial contracts, including 18 launches for Amazon’s Kuiper broadband megaconstellation project.

For now, ArianeGroup’s CEO Martin Sion praised the team for the “real industrial feat”, but added that “a few additional tests”, notably fault tolerance, were still needed before the rocket was ready for launch. The next test, of the upper stage, is set to take place this December.

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Health

Doximity publicizes DocDefender to take away physician data on-line

Doximity at the New York Stock Exchange for their IPO, June 24, 2021.

Source: NYSE

Doximity, the medical website that’s used by more than 80% of U.S. doctors, is now trying to protect its millions of members after a spike in harassment that started during the Covid pandemic.

The 13-year-old company has introduced a free service called DocDefender that can scrub a physician’s personal contact information from the internet. The technology scans dozens of the most common websites where a doctor’s information might reside and automatically initiates the removal process.

Doximity’s platform, which for years was described as LinkedIn for doctors, allows health-care workers to stay current on medical news, manage paperwork, find referrals and carry out telehealth appointments with patients. Since the Covid pandemic broke out in 2020, health-care workers have faced elevated levels of harassment and violence due largely to the politicization of masking, social distancing and vaccine requirements.

Doximity says the new feature is all about giving peace of mind to doctors so they can feel safer in their personal and professional lives and can focus on providing better care.

Dr. Amit Phull, chief physician experience officer at Doximity, said the feature is a service that users wanted. In March, more than 200 doctors traveled to Doximity’s headquarters in San Francisco to help the company workshop new ideas for its platform. When executives presented DocDefender, they received a resounding standing ovation. 

“We’ve gotten positive feedback before,” Phull told CNBC in an interview. “That was a first for us.” 

Two months after the workshopping event, Doximity conducted a survey of more than 2,000 doctors and found that 85% of them worry about whether patients will access their personal information online. That number is higher within certain high-stress specialties like physical medicine and rehabilitation, neurology, emergency medicine and psychiatry.

Jeff Tangney, CEO, of Doximity at the New York Stock Exchange for their IPO, June 24, 2021.

Source: NYSE

Phull, who practices as a physician in emergency medicine, said he’s felt concerned about his safety many times throughout his career. He carried out his trauma training in Chicago, where he treated several victims of gang-related violence. Phull said he was often thrust in the middle of complex conflicts that were out of his control, and he worried that people would find him online and retaliate.  

“If you find yourself in one of those high-intensity situations, and outside of the scope of your practice that conflict still persists, that online element can be kind of scary,” he said.  

Since the onset of the pandemic, many patients have a shorter fuse. 

“I’ve been swung at by patients,” he said. “We certainly deal with a lot of hostility.”

Phull said that in testing the technology, he found details like his phone number, his relatives, his past and current addresses — and even a map to his old home on more than 25 websites. Now that he knows that information is being removed, Phull said he and his wife feel a little more comfortable.  

DocDefender users can monitor the removal process directly through Doximity’s interface, and they will receive regular follow-up reports about the status of their online presence. Additional scans will also be carried out periodically to identify any new listings. 

The service will be available to all doctors on Doximity starting Wednesday, and will expand to nurse practitioners and others over time. 

‘Opportunity to think very long term’

In addition to reaching more than 80% of U.S. doctors, Doximity says it’s also used by 50% of nurse practitioners and physician assistants. 

The platform verifies members to ensure that they’re practicing health-care professionals. Approved clinicians can use Doximity for free, as the company primarily generates revenue through its hiring, marketing and telehealth solutions.  

Doximity debuted on the New York Stock Exchange in June 2021, during the peak of the tech bull market. Its market cap climbed to $9.4 billion in its first day of trading, but has since fallen below $4 billion.

CEO Jeff Tangney, who co-founded Doximity in 2010, told CNBC the company is able to offer DocDefender for free in part because of its strong profit margins. 

“We just have the opportunity to think very long term and to invest in things that doctors really want, and that’s what we’re doing here,” he said.

Dr. Azlan Tariq, a physical medicine and rehabilitation doctor and the chief clinical officer at a  physiatry organization called Medrina, had early access to DocDefender.

PM&R physicians often deal with patients suffering chronic pain and are responsible for prescribing — and denying — medications like opioids. Around 96% of PM&R doctors reported feeling concerned about their online privacy in Doximity’s May survey.

Tariq said he’s taken steps to try and protect both his online identity and his physical safety, leaving social media sites like Facebook and taking down personal information elsewhere. He tries not to shop near his clinic to avoid disgruntled patients, and he said he’s always paying attention to his environment.

On one occasion, a patient was waiting for Tariq in the parking lot outside of his clinic. While the patient ultimately meant no harm, Tariq said he had to assume the worst. 

“You just think about exits. How can I get out of this?” he said. “Can I get back in the car? Can I get the door of the clinic and go behind? Those are just the normal behaviors.”

He added that some of his colleagues seriously consider carrying a gun. 

Since testing DocDefender, Tariq said he’s already noticed some of his personal information has been removed online, adding he feels a little more at ease.

Still, DocDefender doesn’t entirely remove the risk of being found. Dr. Jasdeep Gill, a psychiatrist, said there are some databases for Medicare and Medicaid that list doctors’ information, as well as websites that use their specific provider numbers. 

“Within the last two weeks, I’ve had two different people call my cell phone and request care, and I don’t know how they found my cellphone number,” said Gill, commenting that DocDefender is a step in the right direction to guard against this. “Trying to figure out how they got that information left me feeling just kind of uncomfortable.”

Gill works with patients, including some who are incarcerated, dealing with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression and substance abuse. He said he started taking the risks more seriously after a patient made threats against him while he was in residency. 

Gill said he paid $20 a month for an information-removal service, but that process was “clunky” and “cumbersome.” He called Doximity’s tool a “really easy service to use” and sees it as a way for physicians to maintain the boundary between their professional and private lives. 

“Our background history of where we live, who we’re married to, what our cellphone numbers are, are things that are personal and that should be kept separate from the public’s view,” Gill said. “By creating that separation, it allows us to just do our jobs and focus on health care instead of worrying about safety.”

WATCH: Jim Cramer looks at stocks that debuted in 2021

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Entertainment

13 Secrets and techniques About Mrs. Doubtfire Are on the Manner, Expensive

Doubtfire, Mrs. Doubtfire

Brosnan, who played Miranda’s post-divorce love interest Stu Dunmeyer, will never forget the first time he saw Williams on the film’s San Francisco set.

“I’m getting to work with someone that I really love and have the greatest admiration for,” the Irish actor described the moment to E! News in May. Brosnan went to see Williams in the makeup chair, where his co-star had “kind of a Hawaiian shirt on, hairy arms, hairy chest, boots—but he had the head of Mrs. Doubtfire.”

Slipping into the Doubtfire accent, Brosnan recalled him saying, “‘Ooh, hello Pierce. Ooh, you’re so handsome, ooh, give us a kiss.'” Finally Williams welcomed the Goldeneye star to the set in his regular voice, noting he’d been in makeup since 3 a.m.

And because Williams started his day roughly four hours before everyone else did—and, according to makeup artist Neill, they worked their magic 54 times—Brosnan noted that he never really worked with Williams himself, quipping, “I always worked with Mrs. Doubtfire.”

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Science

There Had been Glaciers… on Mercury?

I have lost count of how many times I have given public lectures and explained the temperature differences between Mercury and Venus. How Mercury, surprisingly isn’t the hottest planet in the Solar System and how that badge goes to Venus, thick atmosphere blah blah blah.  Mercury and its complex surface geology does of course get a good chunk of time but a recent paper has rather caught my attention and turned what I thought I knew about Mercury on its head! In short, a team of scientists have announced evidence for salt glaciers on Mercury!

Planetary Science Institute (PSI) scientists; Deborah Domingue, Bryan Travis, Jeffrey S Kargel, Oleg Abramov, John Weirich, Nicholas Castle and Frank Chuang are the co-authors of a paper that made the announcement. Their discovery of Mercurian glaciers (which are made of salt rather than the glaciers composed of water ice we are familiar with on Earth) are believed to have formed under the crust in Volatile Rich Layers (VRLs). The glaciers are then exposed by asteroid impacts. Salt glaciers are a rare phenomenon on Earth but have been seen in areas like the Zagros Mountains in Iran.

The irregular dark patches are the salt glaciers. Satellite image of the Zagros Mountains in Iran (Credit : U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey)

The team went on to suggest formation processes for these salt glaciers and the chaotic terrain that Mercury is well known for and at mechanisms that can explain the VRL formation? They studied the Borealis Chaos region near Mercury’s north pole, a region rich in chaotic terrain. Asteroid impacts have to all intents almost wiped out the craters in this region, many dating back to the early days of the formation of the planet. Underneath this layer lies ancient cratering that was discovered through analysis of localised gravitational fields.   The placement of the two layers suggest perhaps that the VRLs may have in some way developed on top of an already solid terrain. 

The chaotic terrain at the antipode of the Caloris Basin on Mercury (Credit : NASA)

Previous theories suggest the different layers formed through mantle differentiation where minerals separate out into layers but now a new theory is emerging. It seems the evidence points to some sort of global event, perhaps even from the collapse of Mercury’s fleeting hot atmosphere shortly after the formation of the planet.  An alternative theory suggests that escaping volcanic gas may temporarily create pools of water or dense, highly salty steam which could have deposited salt. Significant amounts of the water would have swiftly been lost into space while some could have been trapped in minerals leaving behind a clay and salt rich layer. 

The discovery of the glaciers on Mercury is in itself fascinating yet what has really captured my imagination is the impact this has on the potential for areas of habitability on Mercury – or any other planet for that matter.

On Earth, the existence of certain salt compounds in what would otherwise be inhospitable locations has given life a foot hold. We often talk of the Goldilock Zones around stars, the distance at which liquid water can exist and therefore has the potential for life.  Yet the discovery of subsurface volatiles (which would ordinarily have evaporated out into space) suggests perhaps depth is also a key criteria for a hospitable environment. The surface of Mercury seems inhospitable to life but perhaps, life may get a foot hold underground.  Okay this may seem far fetched but it does add an interesting dimension to the debate around a planets suitability for life. 

Source : Unveiling Mercury’s Geological Mysteries: Salt Glaciers, Primordial Atmosphere, and the New Frontiers of Astrobiology

The post There Were Glaciers… on Mercury? appeared first on Universe Today.