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Technology

Analog AI? It sounds loopy, but it surely could possibly be the longer term

Forget the digital. The future of AI is… analog? At least that’s the claim of Mythic, an AI chip company that it says is “making a performance leap forward” by going back in time. Type of.

Before ENIAC, the world’s first room-sized programmable, general-purpose electronic digital computer, came to life in 1945, all computers were arguably analog—and have been for as long as computers have existed.

Analog computers are a bit like stereo amplifiers, using a variable range to represent desired values. In an analog computer, numbers are represented by currents or voltages instead of the zeros and ones used in a digital computer. While ENIAC marked the beginning of the end for analog computers, analog machines in some form endured until the 1950s or 1960s when digital transistors took hold.

“Digital art has replaced analog computing,” Tim Vehling, Mythic’s senior vice president of product and business development, told Digital Trends. “It was cheaper, faster, more powerful and so on. [As a result]Their analogue went away for a while.”

To paraphrase a famous quote often attributed to Mark Twain, reports of the death of analog computers may have been grossly exaggerated. If the triumph of the digital transistor for analog computers was the beginning of the end, maybe it was only the beginning of the end of the beginning.

Build the next great AI processor

Mythical

However, Mythic does not intentionally build retro technology. This isn’t just any steampunk startup operating out of an old clock tower HQ filled with Tesla coils; It is a well-funded technology company based in Redwood City, California and Austin, Texas that builds Mythic Analog Matrix Processors (Mythic AMP) that promise advances in power, performance and cost by using a unique analog computing architecture which differs significantly from regular digital architectures.

Devices like the announced M1076 single-chip analog computing device are expected to usher in an era of computationally intensive processing at impressively low power consumption.

“There’s definitely a lot of interest in making the next great AI processor,” said Vehling. “There is certainly a lot of investment and venture capital money flowing into this space. That is out of the question.”

The analog approach is not just a marketing gimmick either. Mythic sees trouble in the future for Moore’s Law, Intel co-founder Gordon Moore’s famous observation in 1965 that claimed that about every 18 months, the number of transistors that can be squeezed onto an integrated circuit is doubling. This observation has helped usher in a period of sustained exponential improvements for computers over the past 60 years and has supported the amazing advances AI research has made over the same period.

But Moore’s Law faces challenges of a physical nature. Progress has slowed due to the physical limitations of constantly trying to miniaturize components. Approaches such as optical and quantum computing offer a possible way out. Mythic’s analog approach, meanwhile, attempts to create compute-in-memory elements that work like tunable resistors, supplying inputs as voltages and collecting the outputs as currents. The idea is that the company’s chips can handle the matrix multiplication needed to allow artificial neural networks to work in innovative new ways.

As the company explains, “We use analog data processing for our core neural network matrix operations, where we multiply an input vector by a weight matrix. Analog computing offers several key advantages. First, it’s amazingly efficient; it eliminates memory moves for the neural network weights since they are used in place as resistors. Second, it’s high performance; When we do one of these vector operations, hundreds of thousands of multiply-accumulate operations are happening in parallel.”

“There are many ways to approach the problem of AI computation,” Vehling said, citing the different approaches being explored by different hardware companies. “There is no wrong way. But we fundamentally believe that the approach of throwing more and more transistors at it, making the process nodes smaller and smaller – essentially the Moore’s Law approach – is no longer practical. It’s already beginning to prove itself. Whether you use analog computers or not, companies need to find a different approach to build next-generation products that have high computing power, low power consumption, [et cetera].”

The future of AI

brain with computer text scrolling artificial intelligenceChris DeGraw/Digital Trends, Getty Images

If left unfixed, this issue will have a major impact on further AI development, especially if done locally on devices. Right now, some of the AI ​​we rely on every day combines on-device processing and the cloud. Think of it as if you have an employee who can make decisions to a certain extent, but then has to call their boss and ask for advice.

Smart speakers, for example, work according to this model, which perform tasks such as keyword spotting (“OK, Google”) locally, but then outsource the actual voice query to the cloud and thus allow household appliances to use the power of supercomputers stored in huge data centers, thousands of kilometers away.

That’s all well and good, although some tasks require immediate answers. And as AI gets smarter, we expect more from it. “We’re seeing a lot of what we call Edge AI that doesn’t rely on the cloud when it comes to industrial applications, machine vision applications, drones or video surveillance,” Vehling said. “[For example], you might want a camera that tries to identify someone and take immediate action. There are many applications that require immediate application to a result.”

AI chips need to keep up with other hardware breakthroughs. Cameras, for example, are getting better and better. Image resolution has increased dramatically over the past few decades, which means that deep AI models for image recognition must be able to parse ever-increasing amounts of resolution data in order to perform analytics.

Add to this the growing expectations of what people believe should be extractable from an image – be it mapping objects in real-time, identifying multiple objects at once, determining the three-dimensional context of a scene – and you realize the immense challenge AI systems are in front.

Whether it’s offering more computing power while keeping devices small, or data protection requirements that require local processing rather than offloading, Mythic believes its compact chips have a lot to offer.

The roll out

Mythical Ai logo on a chip graphic.Mythical

“was [currently] in the early commercialization phase,” said Vehling. “We announced a few products. So far we have a number of customers who are evaluating [our technology] to use in their own products… Hopefully by the end of this year, early next year we will see companies using our technology in their products.”

Initially, this is likely to be the case in enterprise and industrial applications such as video surveillance, high-end drone manufacturers, automation companies and more. However, don’t expect consumer applications to lag too far behind.

“Beyond 2022 — [2023] We’re going into 24 – we’re going to start seeing consumer tech companies [adopt our technology] too,” he said.

If analog computing turns out to be the innovation driving the augmented and virtual reality needed for the metaverse to work… well, isn’t this the most perfect meeting point of steampunk and cyberpunk you could wish for?

Hopefully, Mythic’s chips will prove less imaginary and unreal than the company’s chosen name would have us believe.

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Categories
Sport

School Soccer Week 2 – Scott Van Pelts Winner

We are 4-2-1 winners starting the year well. Trying to maintain momentum from a year ago and prolong the inevitable regression. We’ve been doing this for years, so you know there will be weeks when the map looks like a garbage mosaic. This folks is one of those weeks. Be glad that two states – that aren’t actual states – San Jose and Kent – didn’t make the final list because it almost happened. These eight did. Eight.

South Carolina at No. 16 Arkansas (-8, 53)
12 p.m. ET on ESPN, Razorback Stadium, Fayetteville

Van Pelt’s Pick: South Carolina (+8)

It’s four o’clock in the afternoon here. Always scary – because for the 3:30 p.m. kicks, that means you could start looking for back-up plans. We’ll start with South Carolina – they were closer at home in a fight with Georgia State last week than the bottom line indicates. I don’t know if y’all have decided what to name your rooster but I know I’ve decided I’m going to support Cocky on the road plus the dots in this one.

SVP: 5-1-2 picking vs. Arkansas

UTSA (-3, 53.5) at army
12 p.m. ET, Michie Stadium, West Point, NY

Van Pelt’s Choice: Army (+3)

Pick games every week and compete for prizes! Make your selection

The next one is going to be tricky, because all of you in the Hard Triangle know that we love the Roadrunners. I don’t know if anyone on TV has repeated the 2-1-0 more than once, but you know what we love even more? America. Who Defends America? army does. So, at this point after UTSA’s brutal home loss to Houston in 3OT, with a trip to Austin next week to play Texas, this point screams home team plus the points.

SVP: First time against UTSA (4:0 supporting UTSA)

Ohio at Penn State (-25.5, 54)
12 p.m. ET on ABC, Beaver Stadium, University Park, PA

Van Pelt’s Pick: Ohio (+25.5)

Penn State left West Lafayette with a hard-fought Big Ten win and they head to the prairie in Auburn next week. Will they beat – Ohio – sure. If it’s more than three touchdowns, I say no. Action plus in the Happy Valley.

SVP: 1-5, MAC vs. Big Ten

North Carolina (-7.5, 64.5) in the state of Georgia
12 p.m. ET on ESPNU, Center Parc Stadium, Atlanta, GA

Van Pelt’s Pick: State of Georgia (+7.5)

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Do you remember the state of Georgia fighting South Carolina? They now play North Carolina, who was last seen dropping 40 points to App State in the fourth quarter. I’m taking home the Panthers who have some playmakers to keep this game close which won’t be easy because UNC can score.

SVP: 6-3 picking against UNC

South Alabama in Central Michigan (-5, 59)
1 p.m. ET, on ESPN+, Kelly/Shorts Stadium, Mount Pleasant

Van Pelt’s Pick: South Alabama (+5)

Is there a rule about having more than one Sunbelt team? Man I hope not ’cause you remember how I love America? I have USA vs Fire Up Chips. Right now you’re wondering – what the hell are you doing, Van Pelt? I don’t know — issue winners? We’ve got South Alabama plus the points against Central Michigan. Do I know a ton about her? Not me. All I know is that I gave them away.

SVP: 1-0 to South Alabama

marshal in No. 8 Notre Dame (-20.5, 65.5)
2:30 p.m. ET, Notre Dame Stadium, Notre Dame

Van Pelt’s Pick: Marshall (+20.5)

Is there a rule about issuing three Sunbelt teams in a row? What’s happening right now? Marshall plus the points in South Bend. You’re not going to get 55 like last week Marshall, you just have to stay within 20 and we’re good.

SVP: 2-0 last season with over 20 points outsider

No. 24 Tennessee (-6, 64.5) at No. 17 Pittsburgh
3:30 p.m. ET on ABC, Acrisure Stadium, Pittsburgh

Van Pelt’s Pick: Pittsburgh (+6)

I hope no one told Pat Narduzzi that Vegas egregiously disrespected his team this week. It’s true. Panthers are home outsiders to Tennessee. Do you think I’ll stand for it? Hell no, I’m not. I stand by Pat – and Pitt – cheers to Pitt. Panthers at home plus the points. That should be good.

SVP: 18-5 last season as an underdog

No. 9 Baylor to No. 21 BYU (-3, 53.5)
10:15 p.m. ET on ESPN, LaVell Edwards Stadium, Provo

Van Pelt’s pick: BYU (-3)

That should be good too. Baylor versus BYU – as Steve often says, buckle up. This is a tough matchup – BYU, the veteran group at home – and I lay the small number at night, so here we go.

SVP: Earliest Favorite in Winners’ History (Week 2)

Service Academy, Maction, Sun Belt everywhere and I think the earliest favorite in this segment’s history. As I said, a mosaic of absolute ridiculousness. What more could you want for free on TV?

Categories
Technology

A Swedish start-up plans to carry “industrial origami” to area

The ancient art of origami could have a future in space.

Sweden’s first astronaut and the European Space Agency (ESA) this week unveiled a new project inspired by the paper folding technique.

The program will use technology developed by Stilfold, a Swedish startup that pioneered a manufacturing process called “industrial origami”.

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The technique uses robotic arms to fold sheets of steel over curves to form complex and lightweight shapes.

Stilfold previously used the approach to build an electric scooter. According to the company, the techniques led to 70% fewer components, 40% less weight, 20% lower material costs and 25% lower labor costs.

The team believes such savings could be particularly powerful in space, where they might allow it Complex structures constructed with minimal materials and components. In addition, the process requires no stamping or welding.

Stilfold co-founder Jonas Nyvang envisions the unfolding of vehicles and food storage in space.

“You can’t put a lot in space because it takes up so little space,” he told TNW. “The flexibility of our technology makes it possible to bring stacked sheets that you can just tuck away and then unfold to create something when you get there.”

To test the theory, Stilfold will do it Working with Sweden International Space Asset Acceleration Company (ISSAC), a new organization supported by ESA and Swedish astronauts Christ Vogelgesang,

The team will now spend 12 months exploring the possibilities.

STILFOLD founders Jonas Nyvang and Tue BeijerStilfold co-founders Jonas Nyvang and Tue Beijer. Photo credit: Stilfold

Nyvang was previously a Marketing Director at fashion brand Björn Borg, where he worked with ESA to develop heat-resistant underwear for steelworkers.

After founding Stilfold, he was drawn to ESA’s approach of “hurling” and “hurling” space technology to Earth. Earth technology into space.

What’s great about the space sector is that it’s pushing the boundaries of material creation for different innovations because there’s such a rigid framework for what you can do in space.”

NASA has also experimented with origami-inspired techniques, but these projects focus on large structures.

There is also great potential for smaller structures – and we want to explore that first,” said Nyvang.

Stillfold in actionThe industrial origami process in action. Photo credit: Stilfold.

Stilfold also provides an example of how European startups can get involved in space. Stefan Gustafsson, commercialization officer at ESA, has the following advice for companies wanting to work with his agency:

“First check what an ESA Business Incubation Center can offer nearby. Startups younger than five years old can benefit from up to two years of business incubation, with access to technical, financial and IP support, as well as €50,000 in funding,” he told TNW via email.

“In addition, there are various ESA programs that could be attractive for SMEs, e.g. B. ESA Business Application Kick-Starters, which provide development financing for companies space based applications. ESA has a patent portfolio with technologies that may be useful in another context.

“Finally, the ESA SME Office also has various ways to support startups, e.g. B. Training for applying for regular ESA contracts.”

There’s no guarantee they’ll be backed by ESA, but it doesn’t have to take light years to get their technology into space.

Categories
Science

20s 100 million diploma fusion plasma with no instability – watts with it?

Essay by Eric Worrall

South Korean nuclear fusion researchers have claimed to have sustained a stable, confined burning plasma producing 100KJ of fusion energy for 20 seconds at fusion temperatures.

South Korea is taking a massive step toward sustained nuclear fusion responses

Plasma at over 100 million Kelvin for 20 seconds adds to the list of notable fusion breakthroughs in 2022

Lindsay Clark Thursday, September 8, 2022 // 19:13 UTC

Scientists in Korea have managed to hold a plasma gas at 100 million Kelvin for up to 20 seconds without significant instabilities, an achievement considered a significant advance in the quest for a sustainable nuclear fusion reaction.

Korea Superconductor Tokamak Advanced Research, or KSTAR for short, works with a hydrogen plasma that is enclosed in a magnetic field.

So far, however, researchers have not been able to achieve sustained fusion performance, which requires high temperature in excess of 100 million Kelvin and sufficient control of instabilities to ensure steady-state operation on the order of tens of seconds.

Researchers at the facility are now reporting that they have crossed the threshold. “Here we report experiments on the Korea Superconductor Tokamak Advanced Research device, which produces a plasma fusion regime that satisfies most of the above requirements,” says a research paper published in Nature.

“A low plasma density in combination with a moderate input power for operation is the key to establishing this regime by maintaining a high fraction of fast ions. This regime is rarely subject to perturbations and can be reliably maintained even without sophisticated control, thus representing a promising route to commercial fusion reactors,” the authors say.

Read more: https://www.theregister.com/2022/09/08/korea_sustained_fusion/

the natural paper;

Published: 07/09/2022

A sustained high temperature fusion plasma regime facilitated by fast ions

Han H, Park SJ, Sung C, Kang J, Lee YH, Chung J, Hahm TS, Kim B, J-K Park, JG Bak, MS Cha, GJ Choi, MJ Choi, JGwak, SH Hahn, JJang, KC Lee, JH Kim, SK Kim, WC Kim, JKo, WH Ko, CY Lee, JH Lee, JH Lee, JK Lee, JP Lee, KD Lee, YS Park, J Seo, SM Yang, SW Yoon & Y-S N / A

Nature Volume 609Pages 269–275 (2022) Cite this article

abstract

Nuclear fusion is one of the most attractive alternatives to carbon-dependent energy sources1. However, harnessing energy from nuclear fusion on a large reactor scale still poses many scientific challenges despite many years of research and steady advances in magnetic confinement approaches requires sufficient control of instabilities to ensure steady state operation on the order of tens of seconds2,3. Here we report experiments on the Korea Superconductor Tokamak Advanced Research4 device, which produces a plasma fusion regime that meets most of the above requirements: thanks to abundant fast ions that stabilize the nuclear plasma turbulence, we produce plasmas with a temperature of 100 million Kelvin, that last up to 20 Kelvin seconds without plasma edge instabilities or contamination accumulation. A low plasma density in combination with a moderate input power for operation is key to establish this regime by maintaining a high fraction of fast ions. This regime is hardly subject to disturbances and can be reliably maintained even without sophisticated control and thus represents a promising path to commercial fusion reactors.

Read more: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05008-1

There’s still a long way to go before you can buy a Mr. Fusion reactor at your local Walmart, but this seems like a promising development. To put that 100KJ of energy in perspective, that’s the kind of energy you need to boil water for a large cup of coffee.

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Entertainment

Tia Mowry’s private Kryptonite is deliciously relatable

Tia Mowry has quite a sweet tooth.

The actress is just as talented in the kitchen as she is on screen, teaching fans her latest recipes on her YouTube channel, Tia Mowry’s Quick Fix. So when she was asked to post her personal kryptonite on E! News’ Daily Pop, it’s no surprise it’s one of her favorite pastries.

“It has to be food, and I’m going to say red velvet cupcakes,” she told Daily Pop’s exclusively Francesca Amiker on the September 8 episode of the series, adding, “I’m going to booze and booze [a.k.a. glutton] until I get sick.”

Always on the lookout for a good sweet treat, Tia also tries new things in the kitchen and has the perfect taste testers right at home: her children Cree11 and Cairo Hardrict4 that she shares with her husband Cory Hardrikt.

“I feel like when they say, ‘Mmm mom, that’s good,’ then I’m like, ‘Okay, that’s good,'” shared the 44-year-old. “You will not lie. The children tell the truth.”

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Health

2 takeaways from the Investing Membership ‘morning assembly’ on Thursday

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Sport

Denver Broncos QB Russell Wilson confirms Seattle Seahawks tried to commerce him earlier than this 12 months, says his expertise have not waned

ENGLEWOOD, Colo. — Returning to Seattle in his first game of the regular season with the Denver Broncos, quarterback Russell Wilson confirmed Thursday that the Seahawks had actually tried to trade him before — in 2018 — and said he was doing it I can’t believe his skills have diminished as he enters his 11th season.

The Broncos’ blockbuster deal to acquire Wilson in March — for five draft picks, including two first-round and two second-round players, plus three players — was one of the league’s biggest offseason changes.

But Wilson confirmed Thursday, just before stepping onto the practice field, that it wasn’t the first time the Seahawks have tried to trade him in his time with the team, which has nine Pro Bowl selections, two Super Bowl starts and one Super Bowl win included . An ESPN story published this week about the Wilson-Seahawks football divorce detailed Seattle’s attempt to trade Wilson ahead of the 2018 draft.

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“Anyway, they’ve tried a couple of times to see what’s out there,” Wilson said. “It’s part of the business, being a pro and everything else… I believe in my talents, in who I am, I feel like I’m one of the best in the world.”

According to a source, while attending Super Bowl LV in February 2021, Wilson heard that Seattle had previously had other talks about trading with him aside from their call to the Cleveland Browns in 2018. A Seahawks source said the 2018 call to the Browns was the only time they actively attempted to trade Wilson, other than when they did so after Denver in March.

The 33-year-old Wilson also contradicted the partly anonymous criticism that his skills had waned. He didn’t play once in the Broncos’ three preseason games, making it the first time anyone saw Wilson serve Denver’s offense in a game Monday night at Lumen Field.

“I don’t worry about all that stuff, people can have opinions and thoughts and ideas, everyone has their own right to think what they want to think,” Wilson said. “I know how the whole thing went, how it went, just the whole situation.

“I think you have to prove that every year [you’re one of the best] … You want your career to be a reflection of being one of the best in the world, so I think the first 10 years have been a positive reflection, but there’s more to do, a lot more to do.”

Asked what kind of reception he would expect from Seahawks fans at the stadium, Wilson said he’s not playing this game with a chip on his shoulder.

“Seattle means the world to me forever,” said Wilson. “I loved it there like I said, I played there for 10 years, it was an amazing experience, I loved every second of it.”

He told Seattle-area media Thursday that he expected a “brawling” crowd at Lumen Field Monday night.

“I know they’re going to be loud. I know they’re going to be excited. It’s Monday Night Football, so it’s going to be a special environment. Look, I think I gave my heart and soul every day. I don’t know anything less. Hopefully it will be positive but at the same time at the end of the day I know we have a game to play and everything else,” he said.

He also told reporters in Seattle that he and Seahawks coach Pete Carroll spoke “several times” between the end of last season and his move.

“I was hoping that everything would work out and that we could find out all the details. We couldn’t… so it’s one of those things. You have to be able to move on with joy and just say I can still play this game and now I’m with the Denver Broncos, which is another great organization,” he said.

“To say I can play for the Seattle Seahawks for 10 years and hopefully for the Denver Broncos for the rest of my career, we’ll see. That’s an amazing thing to say. So I’m just grateful. I’m grateful for the whole experience of everything.”

ESPN’s Brady Henderson contributed to this report.

Categories
Science

Bouncy Castles on the Moon. Inflated Habitats May be the Finest Method to Get Began on a Lunar Base

In this decade, multiple space agencies will send astronauts to the Moon for the first time since the Apollo Era. In addition to NASA, the ESA, China, and Roscosmos, commercial space entities like SpaceX and Blue Origin are hoping to conduct regular missions in support of human exploration while also mounting their own private ventures. In time, this activity could result in the creation of permanent infrastructure, a regular human presence, and the emergence of a lunar economy. Nevertheless, there are many questions about how humans will live in lunar conditions and what type of facilities will be needed.

To this end, the Austrian-based inflatable structures specialist Pneumocell recently conducted a study to determine if lightweight prefabricated structures would be a suitable option. According to this study, a series of donut-shaped inflatable structures could be transported to the Moon at a low cost, where they would then be inflated. The habitats would be partially buried beneath the lunar regolith and surrounded by solar mirrors that could direct sunlight into their greenhouses. This “Inflatable Moon Habitat” offers a cost-effective and highly self-sufficient means of establishing a foothold on the Moon.

The study was led by Pneumocell CEO Thomas Herzig, an Austrian architect who specializes in the design of self-sufficient habitats for extreme environments. He was joined by Gabor Bihari (an experimental physicist with the University of Debrecen, Hungary) and Dr. Norbert Kömle, a researcher with the Austrian Academy of Sciences (OeAW). The study was conducted in 2021-2022 after Pneumocell submitted its idea for an “Inflatable Moon Habitat” to the European Space Agency’s (ESA) Open Space Innovation Platform (OSIP).

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The study was conducted with the support of the ESA’s Discovery and Preparation program, which conducts design feasibility studies of new mission concepts and helps formulate ESA exploration strategy. The goal of the study was to develop a design for a lunar habitat that could leverage lunar resources – known as In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) – and achieve self-sufficiency. The concept comes down to three main steps, which would consist of:

  1. Prefabricated ultralight inflatable structures.
  2. Covering the structures with a layer of regolith for efficient protection against extreme temperatures, meteorites, and cosmic radiation.
  3. The use of “sunflower” mirrors that direct sunlight into the greenhouses. During dark periods, power is provided by batteries and/or fuel cells.

The prefabricated structures would be transported to the lunar landing site, where they would be inflated and covered in 4 to 5 meters (~13-16.5 feet) of loose regolith. Above each habitat, a truss would be erected to hold a mirror membrane designed to follow the Sun through the sky. The mirrors themselves are composed of silver-coated Kapton, a polyimide film capable of withstanding extreme temperature and vibration. These direct sunlight downwards into the habitat, where a cone-shaped mirror reflects it into the surrounding greenhouse.

Getting There

The lightweight and module structure of the prefabricated structures makes them very cost-effective for transporting to the Moon. From this, Herzig and his colleagues included an analysis of possible transportation methods (based on existing or planned spacecraft) for both the modules and astronauts. While they indicate that the SpaceX Starship would be able to transport all the necessary components to the Moon, launch services could also be provided by smaller rockets like the Ariane-64, a modified version of the Ariane 6 that has four solid rocket boosters.

This would be paired with the European Large Logistics Lander (EL3), a planned vehicle intended to fulfill multiple types of proposed ESA missions to the Moon. They also indicate that the Lunar Gateway is not needed to realize the Inflatable Moon Habitat, though it could be part of the mission. At present, NASA plans to send the core elements of the Gateway – the Power and Propulsion Element (PPE) and the Habitat and Logistics Outpost (HALO) – to the Moon by 2024 and has contracted SpaceX to provide the launch services with a Falcon Heavy rocket.

Artist’s impression of a European liftoff from the Moon. Credit: ESA

Site Selection

But of course, site selection must take place before any missions are launched; hence why Herzig and his colleagues considered the best possible sites around the lunar poles as a first step. This was done using data from NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) and illuminations models based on previous geological studies of the Moon (Glaser et al. 2015, 2018). They identified that the two best locations were the C1 “Connecting Ridge” between the Shackleton and de Gerlache craters near the south pole and the H0 area near the rim of the Hinshelwood crater near the north pole.

These sites offer optimal lighting conditions and are close to the Permanently Shadowed Regions (PSRs) or crater floors that provide access to abundant near-surface water ice. This is consistent with the list of the thirteen potential landing sites recently identified by NASA for the Artemis III mission (which included the rim of the Shackleton Crater and was based on LRO data). However, Herzig and his colleagues indicated that the terrain might be too steep and rugged, and there could be a possible mechanical instability in the ground.

The team also evaluated these sites based on their access to solar irradiation, creating an illumination profile at the surface and the height of the solar mirrors – 10 and 20 meters (33 and 65.6 feet). They calculated that the longest period of uninterrupted total darkness is eleven days at the north polar H0 site, while the south polar C1 site experiences only four days. Between these two considerations, the northern polar site appears more structurally sound, while the southern site offers better opportunities for better illumination.

The Habitats

Each habitat consists of room modules that can be connected with others to extend the habitat and increase the total volume for the crew. Regarding building materials, the team investigated several possibilities and recommended using carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRPs). They specifically recommend thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) or Mylar for the habitat walls and Dyneema (a composite of polyethylene laminated between two sheets of polyester) to make the tubes that support the mirror.

Shown here is a rendering of 13 candidate landing regions for Artemis III. Credits: NASA

The main modules are toroidal (donut-shaped) greenhouses that have corridors measuring 5.2 m (17 ft) in diameter and a total diameter of 22.2 m (72.8 ft). These greenhouses are connected via a tunnel system with additional modules (living and working areas) attached to their outer sides. The team recommended starting with one greenhouse and adding additional modules over time to achieve the following architecture:

“[W]e suggest a “village” consisting of 16 greenhouse units that are placed in a double linear arrangement in order to minimize mutual shadow casting among the mirror towers when the Sun moves along the lunar horizon. Greenhouses, living areas, and connecting tunnels are all made of double-layered inflatable foils, while the towers carrying the upper mirrors are a low-weight construction consisting of carbon fiber tubes. Moreover, a redundancy of the corridors keeps the parts connected even if some parts are destroyed in an accident.”

To save weight, all the mirrors are made of silver-coated foils that are bent into the correct shape by electrostatic charging. This takes advantage of a key characteristic of lunar regolith, which is its charged nature that causes it to stick to everything (and presents a major hazard to machinery and astronaut health). The upper mirrors are positioned at an angle to reflect the nearly-horizontal sunlight into the geometric center of the torus. From there, it is reflected via the conical mirror into the greenhouse through a window consisting of two transparent foils.

This system of mirrors will be able to provide about 65 kilowatts (kW) during a lunar day. As they note, this is necessary for food production but could lead to thermal problems:

“While this power is necessary to optimally facilitate photosynthesis, it would quickly overheat the greenhouse without an active cooling radiator. In our design, the cooling system operates with ammonia and water as working fluids. In this way, the temperature inside the greenhouse can be kept close to 26°C during the illumination phases. During dark periods, the active cooling is switched off and mirrored roller blinds cover the window in order to limit heat losses to a minimum.”

The Inflatable Moon Habitat concept. Credit: ESA/Herzig et al.

Next, they considered the habitat’s life support system and food production and how these could be part of a recycling system that meets all the astronauts’ needs. For the atmospheric requirements, they concluded that a mixture of 35% oxygen, 64% nitrogen, and 1% carbon dioxide (CO2) at a pressure of 0.5 bar would be ideal for the greenhouses. This is slightly different from Earth’s, which consists of 23% oxygen, 75.5% nitrogen, and 0.06% of carbon dioxide by mass, and where the air pressure is 101.325 kilopascals (1.01325 bar) at sea level.

The entire system is driven by solar power and is cyclical, where the greenhouse plants metabolize CO2 via photosynthesis, and oxygen gas is created as a by-product. This not only replenishes the oxygen supply for the crew but prevents a build-up of CO2 from astronaut exhalation. Meanwhile, non-edible plant waste and excrement are composted to create natural fertilizer to help maintain soil health. During dark periods, excess CO2 is temporarily stored in a cryogenic container and reintroduced during periods of daylight. As Herzig and his colleagues note, this creates a closed-loop bioregerative system:

“Altogether, it appears possible to create in the long term a closed system, in which each greenhouse unit produces enough food to nourish a crew of two humans without the need to import additional food from earth. Generally, we create [on] a small scale a complete sustainable ecological cycle as we (should) have on Earth.”

Cost/Benefit Compared to Other Habitats

As the last step, the team evaluated and compared their proposal with two other recently developed (and ESA-supported) lunar habitat designs. These include the Lunar Outpost by Foster and Partners, proposed in 2012, and the more recent Moon Village by SOM Architects, unveiled in 2019. These two designs offer a good representation of the elements considered for space habitats. Whereas the Lunar Outpost consists of an inflatable structure covered by a 3D-printed shell (using regolith and polymers), the Moon Village calls for prefabricated rigid and partly inflatable structures.

The Lunar Outpost, an ESA-supported design study for a base on the Moon. Credit: Foster & Partners

Both of these elements are used in the PneumoPlanet habitat in a way that combines their benefits while offering the greatest cost-effectiveness. As Herzig and his team summarize:

“[O]ur PneumoPlanet design features by far the lowest payload per m2 of usable area, the most effective protection from cosmic particle radiation, and the lowest energy requirement for the construction process and in operation. Additionally, it is the only concept of all published until now, that provides a complete ecological cycle for self-sufficient production of food and oxygen.”

In short, the Inflatable Moon Habitat combines the benefits of low transportation costs, inflatable modules, ISRU, and a close-loop system to ensure safe and sustainable living on the Moon. Herzig and his colleagues conclude by stating that a prototype should be built on Earth that could be used to investigate various details and the components of the design. They specifically recommend that the performance of the electrostatic mirror foils, the life cycle inside the greenhouses, the material properties of the inflatable foils, and/or the transparent foil be the subject of investigation.

These and other design studies are part of the ESA’s long-term vision for lunar exploration. Alongside NASA, other space agencies, and commercial partners, the ESA hopes to create the infrastructure that will allow for a sustained human presence on the Moon. In particular, they have expressed the desire to create an International Moon Village where astronauts of many nationalities can work together and conduct science operations in lunar gravity. The idea was first announced in 2015 by Jan Wörner, the then-Director General of the ESA, who described the idea in an interview with Euronews.

“My intention is to build up a permanent base station on the Moon,” he said. “Meaning that it’s an open station, for different member states, for different states around the globe.”

Habitats grouped together on the rim of a lunar crater, known as the Moon Village. Credit: ESA

In 2016, he described the concept further during a speech titled “A vision for global cooperation and Space 4.0,” which he delivered during the 2016 Ministerial Council Meeting (CM16) in Lucerne, Switzerland. As he stated:

“The paradigm shift that we see today in space activities is best encapsulated by the term ‘Space 4.0,’ and the ‘Moon Village’ concept seeks to transform this paradigm shift into a set of concrete actions and create an environment where both international cooperation and the commercialization of space can thrive.

“The Moon Village concept was developed through a process of thorough analysis, but it is vital to understand that what we are describing is neither a project nor a program. By ‘Moon Village,’ we do not mean a development planned around houses, some shops, and a community center. Rather, the term ‘village’ in this context refers [to] this: a community created when groups join forces without first sorting out every detail, instead simply coming together with a view to sharing interests and capabilities.

This “Village” is the goal that proposals like the Inflatable Moon Habitat will help enable. By establishing a temporary human presence on the Moon using prefabricated, easy-to-deploy structures, astronaut crews and robotic workers can oversee the creation of a permanent lunar base. This will enable a new era of lunar exploration and research built on international cooperation, mutual assistance, and lucrative partnerships between government and industry.

To learn more about the ESA’s research and development programs, check out the Nebula Public Library. Head over to Pneumocell’s website for additional information, pictures, and videos of the Inflatable Lunar Base and other concepts by Thomas Herzig – like the Pneumo Planet Mars Habitat (which inspired the design of their Inflatable Lunar Base). Also, here’s a study by Bihari and Herzig for another Mars habitat known as “Space Nomad.”

Further Reading: ESA

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Technology

Wie Wissenschaftler Robotern menschenähnliche Tastsinne verleihen

In Guillermo del Toros Film Pan’s Labyrinth aus dem Jahr 2006 gibt es eine alptraumhafte Szene, in der wir mit einer finsteren humanoiden Kreatur namens Pale Man konfrontiert werden. Ohne Augen in seinem monströsen, haarlosen Kopf sieht der Blasse Mann, der einem augenlosen Voldemort ähnelt, mit Hilfe von Augäpfeln, die in seine Handflächen eingebettet sind. Mit diesen augenverstärkten Anhängseln, die er wie eine Brille vor sein augenloses Gesicht hält, kann der bleiche Mann seine Umgebung visualisieren und sich durch sie bewegen.

Dies beschreibt bis zu einem gewissen Grad die Arbeit, die von Forschern des britischen Bristol Robotics Laboratory durchgeführt wird – allerdings ohne den ganzen erschreckenden Körperhorror-Aspekt. Nur in ihrem Fall hat der Pale Man-Ersatz nicht einfach einen Augapfel in jeder Handfläche; Er hat einen an jedem Finger.

„In den letzten vier oder fünf Jahren hat sich auf dem Gebiet der taktilen Sensorik und Robotik etwas verändert [in the form of] ein Schritt hin zur Verwendung von Kameras für Sensoren“, sagte Professor Nathan Lepora, der die 15-köpfige Tactile Robotics Research Group für das Bristol Robotics Laboratory leitet, gegenüber Digital Trends. „Es heißt optische und visuelle taktile Sensorik. Der Grund dafür ist, dass die Erkenntnis besteht, dass der hochauflösende Informationsgehalt der Fingerspitzen für die künstliche Intelligenz von entscheidender Bedeutung ist [needed] um diese Systeme zu kontrollieren.“

Digital Trends berichtete erstmals 2017 über Leporas Arbeit und beschrieb eine frühe Version des Projekts seines Teams als „bestehend aus einer Webcam, die in einer 3D-gedruckten weichen Fingerspitze montiert ist und interne Stifte verfolgt, die so konzipiert sind, dass sie wie die Berührungsrezeptoren in menschlichen Fingerspitzen funktionieren .

Was ist taktile Robotik?

Seitdem sind die Arbeiten stetig vorangekommen. Zu diesem Zweck veröffentlichte das Team kürzlich neue Forschungsergebnisse, die die neuesten Schritte des Projekts enthüllen: Die Schaffung von 3D-gedruckter taktiler Haut, die eines Tages Handprothesen oder autonomen Robotern einen Tastsinn verleihen könnte, der den menschlichen Händen aus Fleisch und Blut weit ähnlicher ist .

Das 3D-gedruckte Netz besteht aus stiftartigen Papillen, die eine ähnliche Hautstruktur nachahmen, die zwischen der äußeren epidermalen und der inneren Hautschicht auf der menschlichen Haut zu finden ist. Diese können künstliche Nervensignale erzeugen, die, wenn sie gemessen werden, den Aufzeichnungen echter Neuronen ähneln, die es den Mechanorezeptoren des Körpers ermöglichen, die Form und den Druck von Gegenständen oder Oberflächen bei Berührung zu erkennen.

„Als wir diesen Vergleich der Signale, die von unseren künstlichen Fingerspitzen kommen, mit den realen Daten durchgeführt haben, fanden wir eine sehr ähnliche Übereinstimmung zwischen den beiden Datensätzen mit der gleichen Art von Hügeln und Tälern [found on both]“, erklärte Lepora.

Die Kombination dieser 3D-gedruckten Hautrezeptorinformationen mit Daten von winzigen eingebetteten Kameras könnte, so hofft das Team, der Schlüssel sein, um einen langfristigen Traum in der künstlichen Intelligenz und Robotik zu verwirklichen: einen künstlichen Tastsinn.

Alle fünf Sinne

Auch wenn nicht jeder Forscher zwangsläufig zustimmen würde, besteht das vielleicht umfassendste grundlegende Ziel der KI darin, die menschliche Intelligenz (oder zumindest die Fähigkeit, alle Aufgaben auszuführen, zu denen Menschen in der Lage sind) in einem Computer zu replizieren. Das bedeutet, Wege zu finden, um die fünf Sinne – Sehen, Hören, Riechen, Schmecken und Fühlen – in Softwareform nachzubilden. Nur dann können potenzielle Tests der Künstlichen Allgemeinen Intelligenz, wie der vorgeschlagene „Kaffeetest“ (ein wirklich intelligenter Roboter sollte in der Lage sein, in ein Haus zu gehen und die notwendigen Zutaten und Komponenten zu beschaffen, die für die Zubereitung einer Tasse Kaffee benötigt werden) durchgeführt werden .

Bis heute wurden viel Aufmerksamkeit und Fortschritte in Bezug auf die Bild- und Audioerkennung erzielt. Weniger Aufmerksamkeit, aber immer noch etwas, wurde Geruch und Geschmack geschenkt. Mit KI ausgestattete intelligente Sensoren können durch die Entwicklung einer „digitalen Nase“ Hunderte verschiedener Gerüche in einer Datenbank identifizieren. Auch digitale Geschmackstester, die den Geschmack objektiv messen können, sind Gegenstand der Untersuchung. Aber Berührung bleibt verlockend unerreichbar.

Die menschliche Berührung ist äußerst nuanciert.

„Wir nehmen Bereiche wie das Sehen bewusster wahr“, sagte Lepora und erklärte, warum der Fokus der Forscher häufig woanders lag. „Deshalb messen wir ihm in unserem täglichen Handeln mehr Bedeutung bei. Aber wenn es um Berührung geht, sind wir uns meistens nicht einmal bewusst, dass wir sie benutzen. Und schon gar nicht, dass es so wichtig ist, wie es ist. Wenn Sie jedoch Ihren Tastsinn wegnehmen, wären Ihre Hände völlig nutzlos. Mit denen konnte man nichts anfangen.“

Das soll nicht heißen, dass Roboter die Interaktion mit realen Objekten vermieden haben. Seit mehr als einem halben Jahrhundert werden Industrieroboter mit begrenzten Bewegungsachsen und einfachen Aktionen wie Greifen und Drehen an Fertigungsstraßen eingesetzt. In Amazon-Fulfillment-Centern spielen Roboter eine entscheidende Rolle, um sicherzustellen, dass der Ein-Tages-Lieferprozess ermöglicht wird. Dank einer Übernahme des Robotikunternehmens Kiva im Jahr 2012 gibt es in den Amazon-Lagerhäusern Armeen von kastenförmigen Robotern, die großen Roombas ähneln, die in den Regalen mit Produkten herumschieben und sie zu den menschlichen „Kommissionierern“ bringen, aus denen sie die richtigen Artikel auswählen.

Amazon-Logistikroboter bewegen Paletten in einem Amazon-Fulfillment-Center.Stefan Puchner/Picture Alliance/Getty Images

Während diese beiden Prozesse die Zeit, die Menschen benötigen würden, um diese Aufgaben ohne fremde Hilfe zu erledigen, erheblich verkürzen, erfüllen diese Roboter jedoch nur eine begrenzte Funktionalität – und überlassen den Menschen einen Großteil der Präzisionsarbeit.

Das hat einen guten Grund: Obwohl die geschickte Handhabung für die meisten Menschen eine Selbstverständlichkeit ist, ist sie für Maschinen außerordentlich schwierig. Die menschliche Berührung ist äußerst nuanciert. Die Haut hat eine hochkomplexe mechanische Struktur mit Tausenden von Nervenenden allein in den Fingerspitzen, die eine extrem hochauflösende Empfindlichkeit für feine Details und Druck ermöglicht. Mit unseren Händen können wir Vibrationen, Hitze, Form, Reibung und Textur spüren – bis hin zu Unvollkommenheiten im Submillimeter- oder sogar Mikrometerbereich. (Für eine einfache Vision in niedriger Auflösung, wie schwierig das Leben mit eingeschränkten Berührungsfunktionen ist, sehen Sie sich an, wie reibungslos Sie einen einzigen Tag mit dicken Handschuhen überstehen können. Die Chancen stehen gut, dass Sie sie lange vor dem Vormittag ausziehen!)

Sensorisches Feedback

„Was den Menschen diese Flexibilität und Geschicklichkeit verleiht, ist das sensorische Feedback, das wir bekommen“, sagte Lepora. „Während wir eine Aufgabe erledigen, erhalten wir sensorisches Feedback aus der Umgebung. Wenn wir unsere Hände benutzen, ist dieses dominante sensorische Feedback unser Tastsinn. Es gibt uns die hochauflösenden, hochinformativen Inhalte, Empfindungen und Informationen über unsere Umgebung, um unsere Handlungen zu leiten.“

Um dieses Problem zu lösen, sind Fortschritte sowohl in der Hardware als auch in der Software erforderlich: Flexiblere, geschicktere Robotergreifer mit überlegenen Fähigkeiten, um zu erkennen, was sie berühren, und sich entsprechend zu verhalten. Kleinere, billigere Komponenten werden helfen. Beispielsweise reichen Ansätze für Robotergreifer, die Kameras verwenden, um die Welt wahrzunehmen, mindestens bis in die 1970er Jahre zurück, mit Projekten wie dem bahnbrechenden Freddy-Roboter der Universität Edinburgh. Allerdings sind Kameras erst vor kurzem so klein geworden, dass sie in ein Stück Hardware von der Größe einer menschlichen Fingerspitze passen. „Vor fünf Jahren war die kleinste Kamera, die man kaufen konnte, vielleicht ein paar Zentimeter breit“, sagte Lepora. „Jetzt kann man Kameras kaufen, die es sind [just a couple of] Millimeter.“

Freddy der Roboter im National Museums Scotland

Es gibt noch viel zu tun, bevor Innovationen wie das Erfassen weicher Fingerspitzen in Roboter integriert werden können, um ihnen taktile Wahrnehmungsfähigkeiten zu verleihen. Aber wenn dies geschieht, wird es ein Game-Changer sein – sei es für den Bau von Robotern, die in der Lage sind, eine größere Anzahl von End-to-End-Aufgaben am Arbeitsplatz auszuführen (denken Sie an ein vollständig automatisiertes Amazon-Lager) oder sogar in „High -Touch“-Jobs wie die Ausübung von Pflegeaufgaben.

Da Roboter immer enger in das Leben integriert werden, wie wir es kennen, wird die Fähigkeit, sicher mit Menschen um sie herum zu interagieren, immer wichtiger. Seit 1979, als ein Fabrikarbeiter aus Michigan namens Robert Williams als erster Mensch in der Geschichte von einem Roboter getötet wurde, wurden Roboter aus Sicherheitsgründen häufig von Menschen getrennt. Indem wir ihnen die Möglichkeit geben, sich sicher zu berühren, könnten wir damit beginnen, diese Barriere abzubauen.

Die Kraft der Berührung

Die Hand einer Frau wird von der Hand eines Roboters gehalten.Michele D’ottavio / EyeEm / Getty Images

Es gibt Hinweise darauf, dass Roboter dadurch ihre Akzeptanz beim Menschen erhöhen könnten. Lebewesen, sowohl menschliche als auch andere, berühren sich als Mittel der sozialen Kommunikation – und nein, nicht nur auf sexuelle Weise. Affenbabys, denen der taktile Kontakt mit einer Mutterfigur entzogen wird, können gestresst und schlecht ernährt werden. Beim Menschen gibt uns ein Klaps auf die Schulter ein gutes Gefühl. Kitzeln bringt uns zum Lachen. Eine kurze Berührung von Hand zu Hand durch einen Bibliothekar kann zu positiveren Bewertungen einer Bibliothek führen, und ähnliche „einfache“ Berührungen können uns dazu bringen, in einem Restaurant mehr Trinkgeld zu geben, mehr Geld in einem Restaurant auszugeben oder einen „Anfasser“ als „Anfasser“ einzustufen attraktiver.

Eine Studie zu diesem Thema, ein Papier aus dem Jahr 2009 mit dem Titel „Die Haut als soziales Organ“, stellt fest, dass: „Im Allgemeinen konzentriert sich die sozial-neurowissenschaftliche Forschung auf visuelle und auditive Kanäle als Wege für soziale Informationen. Da die Haut jedoch der Ort von Ereignissen und Prozessen ist, die entscheidend dafür sind, wie wir übereinander nachdenken, fühlen und miteinander interagieren, kann Berührung soziale Wahrnehmungen auf verschiedene Weise vermitteln.“ Würde die Berührung eines Roboters positive Gefühle bei uns hervorrufen und uns dazu bringen, Maschinen gegenüber liebevoller zu sein oder uns auf andere Weise zu beruhigen? Es ist durchaus möglich.

Da Roboterinteraktionen immer alltäglicher werden, wird Berührung wahrscheinlich ein wichtiger Aspekt ihrer sozialen Akzeptanz sein.

Eine Studie mit 56 Personen, die mit einer Roboterkrankenschwester interagierten, ergab, dass die Teilnehmer eine allgemein positive subjektive Reaktion auf von Robotern initiierte Berührungen berichteten, sei es zur Reinigung ihrer Haut oder zur Bereitstellung von Komfort. Eine andere neuere Forschungsarbeit mit dem Titel „The Persuasive Power of Robot Touch“ befasste sich ebenfalls mit diesem Thema.

„[Previous research has shown] dass Menschen höflich mit Computern umgehen, ein Verhalten, das Computern gegenüber auf den ersten Blick unvernünftig erscheint“, sagte Laura Kunold, Juniorprofessorin am Fachbereich Psychologie für die menschenzentrierte Gestaltung sozio-digitaler Systeme an der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, gegenüber Digital Trends. „Da Roboter physische Körper haben, fragte ich mich, ob positive Effekte wie positive emotionale Zustände oder Compliance, die aus der zwischenmenschlichen Berührungsforschung bekannt sind, auch durch die Berührung eines Roboters ausgelöst werden könnten.“ Sie bemerkte: „Menschen – Studenten in unserer Arbeit – sind im Allgemeinen offen für nicht funktionale Berührungsgesten von einem Roboter. Sie waren insgesamt amüsiert und beschrieben die Geste als angenehm und nicht verletzend.“

Da Roboterinteraktionen immer alltäglicher werden, wird Berührung wahrscheinlich ein wichtiger Aspekt ihrer sozialen Akzeptanz sein. Wie George Elliot in Middlemarch schreibt (nicht speziell über Roboter), „wer soll die Subtilität dieser Berührungen messen, die sowohl die Qualität der Seele als auch des Körpers vermitteln?“

Roboter werden immer leistungsfähiger. Vor einigen Jahren hat das Massachusetts Institute of Technology einen weichen Roboter gebaut, der empfindlich genug ist, um einen lebenden Fisch zu fangen und dann freizulassen, während er in einem Tank schwimmt. Roboter zum Pflücken von Obst und Gemüse können auch empfindliche Produkte wie Tomaten identifizieren und dann pflücken, ohne sie zu Passata zu zerquetschen. Hoffentlich sind sie bald zuverlässig genug, um dasselbe mit Menschenhand zu tun.

Dank solcher Arbeiten, die von Forschern des Bristol Robotics Laboratory durchgeführt werden, kommen sie sich immer näher.

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Categories
Entertainment

Ricky Martin Information $20M Lawsuit Towards His Nephew Following Allegations of Sexual Abuse (Replace)

Back in July, Latin Star Rick Martin was faced with sexual abuse allegations by his own nephew after it was claimed the two had had a sexual relationship. In the end, Ricky won his nephew’s case after the restraining order he had applied for was withdrawn. Now Ricky has filed a $20 million lawsuit against his nephew following the allegations.

According to documents obtained by TMZ, Ricky filed the lawsuit against his nephew Dennis Yadiel Sanchez Martin in San Juan on Wednesday after he said his nephew was trying to “assassinate” his reputation. Ricky claims that after the restraining order was lifted, Dennis began texting him on Instagram threatening to “murder his reputation and integrity” if he didn’t hand over some money.

Ricky claims Dennis bragged about being his nephew before the restraining order and he flooded him with multiple messages for four months. Ricky claims it was obvious the messages came from a “maladjusted person.” Things reportedly continued to deteriorate as Ricky claims Dennis posted his phone number on social media and even created an Instagram account for one of his children.

Ricky says he lost a lot due to Dennis’ false accusations and now he wants at least $20 million to make up for what he lost. He further shared that Dennis made him and his family feel “unsafe” in Puerto Rico and is asking a judge to explain that Dennis refuses to contact him and his family.

As previously reported, Dennis dropped the charges against Ricky in July after accusing him of sexual abuse and harassment and withdrew the restraining order he had placed against the singer.

TSR STAFF: Jade Ashley @Jade_Ashley94